Ethics rev1
... profound effect on shaping our values, and thus our ethics. Community when seen as exclusive is limited to those like us, and everyone else is “them” and is not worthy of moral consideration. The decimation of the indigenous American populations and their continued mistreatment (not one treaty that ...
... profound effect on shaping our values, and thus our ethics. Community when seen as exclusive is limited to those like us, and everyone else is “them” and is not worthy of moral consideration. The decimation of the indigenous American populations and their continued mistreatment (not one treaty that ...
Extreme and Restricted Utilitarianism Author(s)
... rational thought of a philosopher ? The point may be made more clearly if we consider Mill's comparison of moral rules to the tables in the nautical almanack. (Utilitarianism, Everyman Edition, pp. 22-23). This comparison of Mill's is adduced by Urmson as evidence that Mill was a restricted utilitar ...
... rational thought of a philosopher ? The point may be made more clearly if we consider Mill's comparison of moral rules to the tables in the nautical almanack. (Utilitarianism, Everyman Edition, pp. 22-23). This comparison of Mill's is adduced by Urmson as evidence that Mill was a restricted utilitar ...
Traditional Moral TheoryPosted09
... Kant s ethics lead to rigidly insensitive rules and so cannot take account of differences between cases Kant identifies ethical duties that are too abstract to apply . If this is so this theory may not be action guiding. Some serious criticisms are directed at Kant’s moral psychology. Kant says we o ...
... Kant s ethics lead to rigidly insensitive rules and so cannot take account of differences between cases Kant identifies ethical duties that are too abstract to apply . If this is so this theory may not be action guiding. Some serious criticisms are directed at Kant’s moral psychology. Kant says we o ...
Virtue Ethics Intro
... Aristotle &Happiness • Happiness = eudaimonia • Happiness is not a result or end • Happiness is not something we look forward to after toil and suffering • Happiness is a way of life, made possible by virtuous living • Happiness is an activity of the soul in accord with perfect virtue. ...
... Aristotle &Happiness • Happiness = eudaimonia • Happiness is not a result or end • Happiness is not something we look forward to after toil and suffering • Happiness is a way of life, made possible by virtuous living • Happiness is an activity of the soul in accord with perfect virtue. ...
Nozick and Bentham Reading Study Guide Phil 240 Introduction to
... is the foundational principle from which ethical arguments must begin. Bentham critiques the rival "principle of sympathy and antipathy" according to which an action is right if and only if one approves of it. This principle, Bentham objects, is really no principle at all, for a principle is suppose ...
... is the foundational principle from which ethical arguments must begin. Bentham critiques the rival "principle of sympathy and antipathy" according to which an action is right if and only if one approves of it. This principle, Bentham objects, is really no principle at all, for a principle is suppose ...
moral philosophy
... Each marries a wife, but they have their wives in common; for that which the Hellenes say that the Scythians do, is not in fact done by the Scythians but by the Massagetai, that is to say, whatever woman a man of the Massagetai may desire he hangs up his quiver in front of the waggon and has commer ...
... Each marries a wife, but they have their wives in common; for that which the Hellenes say that the Scythians do, is not in fact done by the Scythians but by the Massagetai, that is to say, whatever woman a man of the Massagetai may desire he hangs up his quiver in front of the waggon and has commer ...
Employee Responsibility Chapter Seven
... • Role in society requires action that may conflict with role in organization • Therefore some professions are seen as “Gatekeepers” or “Watchdogs” – Insure those who enter the marketplace are playing by the rules ...
... • Role in society requires action that may conflict with role in organization • Therefore some professions are seen as “Gatekeepers” or “Watchdogs” – Insure those who enter the marketplace are playing by the rules ...
Lecture 13 - Ethics File
... “produces the greatest good for the greatest number of people” =the greatest happiness principle Acts which produce more happiness than pain are good acts =the utility principle The principle is ethical and legal Bentham thought that you could decide this for every act = Act utilitarianism Working o ...
... “produces the greatest good for the greatest number of people” =the greatest happiness principle Acts which produce more happiness than pain are good acts =the utility principle The principle is ethical and legal Bentham thought that you could decide this for every act = Act utilitarianism Working o ...
Ethics and the Professions
... Rule utilitarianism says that even in times of unhappiness, it is necessary to obey “rules” that ultimately maximize happiness. One might suggest that the freedom to read or look at what one pleases provides for the most happiness in the end. The lack of freedom to do these things (whether it be wit ...
... Rule utilitarianism says that even in times of unhappiness, it is necessary to obey “rules” that ultimately maximize happiness. One might suggest that the freedom to read or look at what one pleases provides for the most happiness in the end. The lack of freedom to do these things (whether it be wit ...
The Ethics of War
... • (unnecessary = does not decrease enemy military capacity and therefore does not increase probability of victory) • Murder and ill-treatment of POWs ...
... • (unnecessary = does not decrease enemy military capacity and therefore does not increase probability of victory) • Murder and ill-treatment of POWs ...
READING #1: “What This Book is About”
... - Valid arguments have the property of telling us what follows from our premises. In fact, “all the terms that occur in the conclusion … are contained in the premises of that argument.” (p. 7-8) Further,,“it is impossible for any argument containing only factual premises to lead validly to a conclus ...
... - Valid arguments have the property of telling us what follows from our premises. In fact, “all the terms that occur in the conclusion … are contained in the premises of that argument.” (p. 7-8) Further,,“it is impossible for any argument containing only factual premises to lead validly to a conclus ...
Aristotle The only true justification of a kingdom is to create the ideal
... -every human has views and expectations of the world, life, and what is right and wrong -when what “should be” contrasts from “what is” you have the ethical experience of the intolerable and unfair -EX you are not really a preaching catholic until you get put into a situation where your faith is bei ...
... -every human has views and expectations of the world, life, and what is right and wrong -when what “should be” contrasts from “what is” you have the ethical experience of the intolerable and unfair -EX you are not really a preaching catholic until you get put into a situation where your faith is bei ...
Ethical Theory Review Sheet
... in since the end of the Medieval period for a variety of reasons: widespread scientific and philosophical rejection of a common human nature and a single to s for human life as well as widespread belief that humans are fundamentally products of their social and historical contexts, both in terms of ...
... in since the end of the Medieval period for a variety of reasons: widespread scientific and philosophical rejection of a common human nature and a single to s for human life as well as widespread belief that humans are fundamentally products of their social and historical contexts, both in terms of ...
Lectures 14-15: Deontological & Consequential Ethics
... willing to eliminate all individual reference from the maxim of her action. The most significant exclusion here is that of herself. Therefore, be prepared go on willing the maxim even if it contains no reference to herself. The constraint that the second formula imposes is that the maxim of an actio ...
... willing to eliminate all individual reference from the maxim of her action. The most significant exclusion here is that of herself. Therefore, be prepared go on willing the maxim even if it contains no reference to herself. The constraint that the second formula imposes is that the maxim of an actio ...
Ethical Theories - Almaty Management University
... nature: if an action has a basis in our natural instincts, emotions, or social relations, then it is right; if an action goes against our natural instincts, emotions, or social relations, then it is wrong Natural law theories also maintain that we should strive to produce or achieve natural goods ...
... nature: if an action has a basis in our natural instincts, emotions, or social relations, then it is right; if an action goes against our natural instincts, emotions, or social relations, then it is wrong Natural law theories also maintain that we should strive to produce or achieve natural goods ...
Lectures 6-7 Deontological & Consequential Ethics
... willing to eliminate all individual reference from the maxim of her action. The most significant exclusion here is that of herself. Therefore, be prepared go on willing the maxim even if it contains no reference to herself. The constraint that the second formula imposes is that the maxim of an actio ...
... willing to eliminate all individual reference from the maxim of her action. The most significant exclusion here is that of herself. Therefore, be prepared go on willing the maxim even if it contains no reference to herself. The constraint that the second formula imposes is that the maxim of an actio ...
Moral and Legal Reasoning
... What is a moral value judgment? How is it different from a taste value judgment? It is wrong for Senator Kennedy to have withheld information. Karl Rove ought to spend more time with his family. Senator Kennedy dresses well. Beowulf has some of the best special effects of any movie ever made. ...
... What is a moral value judgment? How is it different from a taste value judgment? It is wrong for Senator Kennedy to have withheld information. Karl Rove ought to spend more time with his family. Senator Kennedy dresses well. Beowulf has some of the best special effects of any movie ever made. ...
Chapter 6
... • Metaethical relativists understand that people naturally see situations from their own perspectives – No objective way of resolving ethical disputes between cultures • Normative relativists assume that one person’s opinion is as good as another’s ...
... • Metaethical relativists understand that people naturally see situations from their own perspectives – No objective way of resolving ethical disputes between cultures • Normative relativists assume that one person’s opinion is as good as another’s ...
8 Ethics Teories
... Woolworth cafeteria counter when being denied service in the “whites-only” section! Breaking the law can be moral. However, then this is strong evidence that those laws are flawed Are any codes of law “perfect”, i.e. without flaw? If not, does this mean, we can break all laws, and act morally ...
... Woolworth cafeteria counter when being denied service in the “whites-only” section! Breaking the law can be moral. However, then this is strong evidence that those laws are flawed Are any codes of law “perfect”, i.e. without flaw? If not, does this mean, we can break all laws, and act morally ...
Ethics
... “whites-only” section! Breaking the law can be moral. However, then this is strong evidence that the laws are flawed Are any codes of law “perfect”, i.e. without flaw? If not, does this mean, we can break all laws, and still act morally at the same time? ...
... “whites-only” section! Breaking the law can be moral. However, then this is strong evidence that the laws are flawed Are any codes of law “perfect”, i.e. without flaw? If not, does this mean, we can break all laws, and still act morally at the same time? ...
Moral Theory
... Ethical Relativism – the claim that there are no objective moral principles. ◦ The truth of all moral claims is relative to the beliefs of the individual or their culture. Social relativism: The truth of moral principles is ...
... Ethical Relativism – the claim that there are no objective moral principles. ◦ The truth of all moral claims is relative to the beliefs of the individual or their culture. Social relativism: The truth of moral principles is ...
Introduction to Medical Ethics
... • Moral theories that judge right / correct behavior based upon a particular goal or purpose or consequences of the action ...
... • Moral theories that judge right / correct behavior based upon a particular goal or purpose or consequences of the action ...
Ethics
... You should choose a topic from unit three, bioethics. Your paper should reference key theories and/or concepts we have discussed thus far. For instance: duty-based reasoning, consequentialism, virtue ethics, prima facie rights, etc. Don’t forget to check your paper against the grading rubric! ...
... You should choose a topic from unit three, bioethics. Your paper should reference key theories and/or concepts we have discussed thus far. For instance: duty-based reasoning, consequentialism, virtue ethics, prima facie rights, etc. Don’t forget to check your paper against the grading rubric! ...
Utilitarianism
Utilitarianism is a theory in normative ethics holding that the best moral action is the one that maximizes utility. Utility is defined in various ways, but is usually related to the well-being of sentient entities. Classically, Jeremy Bentham, the founder of Utilitarianism, defined utility as the aggregate pleasure after deducting suffering of all involved in any action. John Stuart Mill expanded this concept of utility to include not only the quantity, but quality of pleasure, while focusing on rules, rather than individual moral actions. Others have rejected that pleasure has positive value and have advocated negative utilitarianism, which defines utility only in terms of suffering. In contrast to this hedonistic view, some define utility with relation to preference satisfaction whereas others believe that a range of values can be included in its definition.Utilitarianism is a form of consequentialism, which states that the consequences of any action are the only standard of right and wrong. This view can be contrasted or combined with virtue ethics which holds virtue as a moral good. Some believe that one's intentions are also ethically important. Utilitarianism is distinctly different from other forms of consequentialism such as egoism as it considers all interests equally. Proponents of utilitarianism have been split about whether individual acts should conform to utility (act utilitarianism) or whether agents should conform to ethical rules (rule utilitarianism). Utilitarians additionally remain split about whether utility should be calculated as an aggregate (total utilitarianism) or an average (average utilitarianism).Historically, hedonism can be traced back to Aristippus and Epicurus who viewed happiness as the only good. Bentham is, however, credited with founding utilitarianism when he wrote An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation. Since Bentham, prominent utilitarians have included John Stuart Mill, Henry Sidgwick, R.M. Hare and Peter Singer. The philosophy has been applied to modern issues including the suffering of non-human animals. Specifically, utilitarianism has been applied to the ethics of raising animals for food and the ethics of wild animal suffering. Effective altruism is a philosophy aimed at improving the world through evidence based means, which has been supported on utilitarian grounds.Opponents of utilitarianism have criticized it for many reasons. Some have said that utilitarianism ignores justice while others contend that utilitarianism is impractical. Specific criticisms have included the mere addition paradox and the utility monster. Others have said that pleasure is not commensurable across people with varying identities and thus the idea of aggregating utility is impossible.