ARISTOTLE Why be ethical
... It is our duty. We should be ethical. It is a matter of living out our inner principles or maxims. To do this we must be autonomous and free to be able to do our duty. Achieving the supreme good cannot be attained in this life. ...
... It is our duty. We should be ethical. It is a matter of living out our inner principles or maxims. To do this we must be autonomous and free to be able to do our duty. Achieving the supreme good cannot be attained in this life. ...
Griffin entry
... James Patrick Griffin was born on 8 July 1933 in Wallingford, Connecticut. He received a D.Phil from Oxford in 1960, and held a number of posts at Oxford during his working life, including the position of White’s Professor of Moral Philosophy, from which he retired in 2000. Griffin has produced a nu ...
... James Patrick Griffin was born on 8 July 1933 in Wallingford, Connecticut. He received a D.Phil from Oxford in 1960, and held a number of posts at Oxford during his working life, including the position of White’s Professor of Moral Philosophy, from which he retired in 2000. Griffin has produced a nu ...
Philosophical Ethics - Bucknell University
... It is right for me to act according to a moral rule if rational people would collectively accept it as binding because of its benefit to the community. Need to establish a set of moral rules Need a government capable of enforcing rules ...
... It is right for me to act according to a moral rule if rational people would collectively accept it as binding because of its benefit to the community. Need to establish a set of moral rules Need a government capable of enforcing rules ...
How Actions Can Be Morally Evaluated
... is not about abstract principles, rights, or impartial (typically male) theories of justice, but about caring for persons and maintaining relationships (Gilligan) The (feminine) virtue of caring for others in specific situations is the basis upon which all ethical thinking is grounded (Noddings) ...
... is not about abstract principles, rights, or impartial (typically male) theories of justice, but about caring for persons and maintaining relationships (Gilligan) The (feminine) virtue of caring for others in specific situations is the basis upon which all ethical thinking is grounded (Noddings) ...
Ethics for the Information Age
... actions are those aligned with the will of God and bad actions are those contrary to the will of God Cases for and against ...
... actions are those aligned with the will of God and bad actions are those contrary to the will of God Cases for and against ...
ethical theory
... -- practical (as in PHIL 140) focuses on particular cases, often cases currently in dispute; less abstract, more accessible for beginners to philosophy -- ethical theory emphasizes general principles meant to explain our intuitions on cases we tend to agree about, as well as yielding answers to some ...
... -- practical (as in PHIL 140) focuses on particular cases, often cases currently in dispute; less abstract, more accessible for beginners to philosophy -- ethical theory emphasizes general principles meant to explain our intuitions on cases we tend to agree about, as well as yielding answers to some ...
chapter 2 - TEST BANK 360
... a. In considering the consequences, we are considering the effects that performing an action or following a rule can have. But the effects on whom or on what? On humans? On all sentient creatures? On ecosystems? b. What sorts of consequences should we be interested in? For instance, John Stuart Mill ...
... a. In considering the consequences, we are considering the effects that performing an action or following a rule can have. But the effects on whom or on what? On humans? On all sentient creatures? On ecosystems? b. What sorts of consequences should we be interested in? For instance, John Stuart Mill ...
Common Ethical Theories
... • Are all illegal acts immoral? • Social Contract Theory: Yes, we are obligated to follow the law • Kantianism: Yes, by the two Categorical Imperatives • Rule Utilitarianism: Yes, because rules are broken • Act Utilitarianism: Depends on the situation. Sometimes more good comes from breaking a law. ...
... • Are all illegal acts immoral? • Social Contract Theory: Yes, we are obligated to follow the law • Kantianism: Yes, by the two Categorical Imperatives • Rule Utilitarianism: Yes, because rules are broken • Act Utilitarianism: Depends on the situation. Sometimes more good comes from breaking a law. ...
Philosophy 220
... to alternative actions and the rightness or wrongness of any action is dependent on the value of the consequences of those actions. The consequentialist account of right action is a maximizing ...
... to alternative actions and the rightness or wrongness of any action is dependent on the value of the consequences of those actions. The consequentialist account of right action is a maximizing ...
chapter 2 - Test Bank
... a. In considering the consequences, we are considering the effects that performing an action or following a rule can have. But the effects on whom or on what? On humans? On all sentient creatures? On ecosystems? b. What sorts of consequences should we be interested in? For instance, John Stuart Mill ...
... a. In considering the consequences, we are considering the effects that performing an action or following a rule can have. But the effects on whom or on what? On humans? On all sentient creatures? On ecosystems? b. What sorts of consequences should we be interested in? For instance, John Stuart Mill ...
Ethical Decision Making in Business
... means to an end, but always at the same time as an end. Based on the innate dignity of human free will. ...
... means to an end, but always at the same time as an end. Based on the innate dignity of human free will. ...
Class #9 - 8/5/10
... derive from achievement -- the joy of solving a mathematical problem, of writing an opera, of playing a violin, etc. • Thus, Mill emphasized the necessary role of education for all. Social equality is achieved by providing opportunity for all to achieve the highest pleasures, not everybody settling ...
... derive from achievement -- the joy of solving a mathematical problem, of writing an opera, of playing a violin, etc. • Thus, Mill emphasized the necessary role of education for all. Social equality is achieved by providing opportunity for all to achieve the highest pleasures, not everybody settling ...
Class #10 - 5/14/12
... Rule Utilitarianism says that one should always do whatever type of act or follow the rule that will create the greatest happiness for the greater number of people. Thus, rule utilitarianism suggests that a pattern or rule of abusing individuals for the sake of the common good is not right. ...
... Rule Utilitarianism says that one should always do whatever type of act or follow the rule that will create the greatest happiness for the greater number of people. Thus, rule utilitarianism suggests that a pattern or rule of abusing individuals for the sake of the common good is not right. ...
Document
... Here the key idea is that members of certain races and women have been raised in families that have been affected by discrimination. they are treated unfairly by many of the institutions that exist in our society, therefore at a disadvantage, and so cannot compete fairly with white men in the job ma ...
... Here the key idea is that members of certain races and women have been raised in families that have been affected by discrimination. they are treated unfairly by many of the institutions that exist in our society, therefore at a disadvantage, and so cannot compete fairly with white men in the job ma ...
it is the right thing to do.
... happiness principle is deeply flawed. “Ask yourself whether you are happy and you cease to be so.” In response to Bentham, John Stuart Mill claims that happiness is an intellectual achievement, not merely pleasure. Mill argued that you cannot simply identify pleasure with good and evil with pain. Mi ...
... happiness principle is deeply flawed. “Ask yourself whether you are happy and you cease to be so.” In response to Bentham, John Stuart Mill claims that happiness is an intellectual achievement, not merely pleasure. Mill argued that you cannot simply identify pleasure with good and evil with pain. Mi ...
Ethical Problems Strengths and Weakness
... However, Kant argued against such modifications on the grounds that they destroy the universalizability of the rule by making it more context bound. Kant thought that acts whose principle cannot be universalized cannot in any way commit us to moral obligation. (Reminder: if an act is declared to be ...
... However, Kant argued against such modifications on the grounds that they destroy the universalizability of the rule by making it more context bound. Kant thought that acts whose principle cannot be universalized cannot in any way commit us to moral obligation. (Reminder: if an act is declared to be ...
ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS
... applied ethics. Meta-ethics Abstract questions about justification, i.e. what makes an action “right” or “good” What justifies infringing on another’s freedom? Appeal to principles or concepts to justify an act ...
... applied ethics. Meta-ethics Abstract questions about justification, i.e. what makes an action “right” or “good” What justifies infringing on another’s freedom? Appeal to principles or concepts to justify an act ...
A preliminary distinction: Ethics of Justice and Ethics of Care
... • Note Mill’s discussion of the intrinsic desirability of various objects or properties. His version of Utilitarianism does not exclude valuing other things, such as virtue, in themselves. He does contend that they will, over time, become constitutive of what we mean by happiness (FP, p.699). • What ...
... • Note Mill’s discussion of the intrinsic desirability of various objects or properties. His version of Utilitarianism does not exclude valuing other things, such as virtue, in themselves. He does contend that they will, over time, become constitutive of what we mean by happiness (FP, p.699). • What ...
How Actions Can Be Morally Evaluated
... universalizable without contradiction Acceptability: a universalized maxim must be acceptable Objection: moral rules often conflict ...
... universalizable without contradiction Acceptability: a universalized maxim must be acceptable Objection: moral rules often conflict ...
Philosophy and Ethics
... My logic determines my truth, and it’s mine. My statements can be tested as true or false. Most value statements are nonsense, because they are value-based. Therefore we cannot argue them. But how do we resolve differences? ...
... My logic determines my truth, and it’s mine. My statements can be tested as true or false. Most value statements are nonsense, because they are value-based. Therefore we cannot argue them. But how do we resolve differences? ...
Philosophy and Ethics
... My logic determines my truth, and it’s mine. My statements can be tested as true or false. Most value statements are nonsense, because they are value-based. Therefore we cannot argue them. But how do we resolve differences? ...
... My logic determines my truth, and it’s mine. My statements can be tested as true or false. Most value statements are nonsense, because they are value-based. Therefore we cannot argue them. But how do we resolve differences? ...
Lecture
... The creed which accepts as the foundation of morals, Utility, or the Greatest Happiness Principle, holds that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness. By happiness is intended pleasure, and the absence of pain; by unha ...
... The creed which accepts as the foundation of morals, Utility, or the Greatest Happiness Principle, holds that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness. By happiness is intended pleasure, and the absence of pain; by unha ...
Ethics and Ethical Systems
... that the maxim of your action can be willed as a universal law of humanity.” Respect: “Always treat humanity, whether in yourself or in other people, as an end in itself and never as a mere means.” Are these the same? Which do you ...
... that the maxim of your action can be willed as a universal law of humanity.” Respect: “Always treat humanity, whether in yourself or in other people, as an end in itself and never as a mere means.” Are these the same? Which do you ...
Utilitarianism
Utilitarianism is a theory in normative ethics holding that the best moral action is the one that maximizes utility. Utility is defined in various ways, but is usually related to the well-being of sentient entities. Classically, Jeremy Bentham, the founder of Utilitarianism, defined utility as the aggregate pleasure after deducting suffering of all involved in any action. John Stuart Mill expanded this concept of utility to include not only the quantity, but quality of pleasure, while focusing on rules, rather than individual moral actions. Others have rejected that pleasure has positive value and have advocated negative utilitarianism, which defines utility only in terms of suffering. In contrast to this hedonistic view, some define utility with relation to preference satisfaction whereas others believe that a range of values can be included in its definition.Utilitarianism is a form of consequentialism, which states that the consequences of any action are the only standard of right and wrong. This view can be contrasted or combined with virtue ethics which holds virtue as a moral good. Some believe that one's intentions are also ethically important. Utilitarianism is distinctly different from other forms of consequentialism such as egoism as it considers all interests equally. Proponents of utilitarianism have been split about whether individual acts should conform to utility (act utilitarianism) or whether agents should conform to ethical rules (rule utilitarianism). Utilitarians additionally remain split about whether utility should be calculated as an aggregate (total utilitarianism) or an average (average utilitarianism).Historically, hedonism can be traced back to Aristippus and Epicurus who viewed happiness as the only good. Bentham is, however, credited with founding utilitarianism when he wrote An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation. Since Bentham, prominent utilitarians have included John Stuart Mill, Henry Sidgwick, R.M. Hare and Peter Singer. The philosophy has been applied to modern issues including the suffering of non-human animals. Specifically, utilitarianism has been applied to the ethics of raising animals for food and the ethics of wild animal suffering. Effective altruism is a philosophy aimed at improving the world through evidence based means, which has been supported on utilitarian grounds.Opponents of utilitarianism have criticized it for many reasons. Some have said that utilitarianism ignores justice while others contend that utilitarianism is impractical. Specific criticisms have included the mere addition paradox and the utility monster. Others have said that pleasure is not commensurable across people with varying identities and thus the idea of aggregating utility is impossible.