Ethical Theory and Business
... “Allow the invisible hand of the market to work (Adam Smith) • This even allows people to take risks and thus make more ...
... “Allow the invisible hand of the market to work (Adam Smith) • This even allows people to take risks and thus make more ...
kantian deontology
... conditional on having a particular end (desire, want) willing end entails willing means even if all people want their own happiness, this fact can only be used to derive hypothetical imperatives lack the inescapable, necessary, universal force of moral requirements So cannot base morality in ...
... conditional on having a particular end (desire, want) willing end entails willing means even if all people want their own happiness, this fact can only be used to derive hypothetical imperatives lack the inescapable, necessary, universal force of moral requirements So cannot base morality in ...
Final Exam
... 6. Plato is history's first great philosopher because: (a) He taught us how to engage our world philosophically (b) He stressed the importance of our own experience (c) He stressed the importance of reason and no other great philosopher has done so. (d) No philosopher before him had tried a broad ex ...
... 6. Plato is history's first great philosopher because: (a) He taught us how to engage our world philosophically (b) He stressed the importance of our own experience (c) He stressed the importance of reason and no other great philosopher has done so. (d) No philosopher before him had tried a broad ex ...
Normative Ethical Theory
... overall intrinsic value of the consequences of the action compared with the overall intrinsic value of the consequences associated with alternative actions an agent might perform instead. An action is right iff its consequences would be at lest as good as the consequences of any alternative action t ...
... overall intrinsic value of the consequences of the action compared with the overall intrinsic value of the consequences associated with alternative actions an agent might perform instead. An action is right iff its consequences would be at lest as good as the consequences of any alternative action t ...
Major Ethical Theories - Michigan State University
... To be workable as a theory or model, must be simpler than real life Therefore, any one theory will have gaps and blind spots but may be good partial description of the moral life ...
... To be workable as a theory or model, must be simpler than real life Therefore, any one theory will have gaps and blind spots but may be good partial description of the moral life ...
Utilitarianism and the Ethics of War
... of what is right or wrong when war is waged, then one cannot judge between the two societies, as both are right in their own eyes. Completing the triad of broad ethical theories presented, the book finishes with utilitarianism, representing what the author views to be an old and distinguished tradi ...
... of what is right or wrong when war is waged, then one cannot judge between the two societies, as both are right in their own eyes. Completing the triad of broad ethical theories presented, the book finishes with utilitarianism, representing what the author views to be an old and distinguished tradi ...
Teleological Ethics
... An example will help bring out the essential difference between deontological and teleological ethics. I promise to go to my friend’s party on Saturday night. My friend is rather dull and humourless, and I think the party may be fairly boring. The next day another friend invites me to a rave on the ...
... An example will help bring out the essential difference between deontological and teleological ethics. I promise to go to my friend’s party on Saturday night. My friend is rather dull and humourless, and I think the party may be fairly boring. The next day another friend invites me to a rave on the ...
Practice Quiz - General Ethics
... d) Justify the mathematical nature of morality. e) Complicate the simplicity of ordinary ethics. ...
... d) Justify the mathematical nature of morality. e) Complicate the simplicity of ordinary ethics. ...
Basic Framework Normative Ethics
... This approach believes we have a duty not to do bad Bribery is wrong by its very nature regardless of the consequences It is non-consequential theory Determine the ethics of an act by looking at the process of the decision (The means) Kantianism is based on deontological approach ...
... This approach believes we have a duty not to do bad Bribery is wrong by its very nature regardless of the consequences It is non-consequential theory Determine the ethics of an act by looking at the process of the decision (The means) Kantianism is based on deontological approach ...
Bernard Williams: A Critique of Utilitarianism Phil 240, Introduction to
... “the idea, as we might first and very simply put it, that each of us is specially responsible for what he does, rather than for what other people do. This is an idea closely connected with the value of integrity.” ...
... “the idea, as we might first and very simply put it, that each of us is specially responsible for what he does, rather than for what other people do. This is an idea closely connected with the value of integrity.” ...
Pwrpt - People Server at UNCW
... qualitatively higher and lower pleasures, not just quantitatively greater and lesser; those who experience both, know better.” • Bentham: “If numerically ...
... qualitatively higher and lower pleasures, not just quantitatively greater and lesser; those who experience both, know better.” • Bentham: “If numerically ...
Study Guide 3
... 15. What three Enlightenment principles are implied by Kant’s ethics? (Not in the text. See the notes.) J. S. Mill 16. According to Mill, what is happiness? 17. In Mill’s utilitarianism, what is the foundation of morals? 18. How does Mill argue that some pleasures are better than others? 19. How doe ...
... 15. What three Enlightenment principles are implied by Kant’s ethics? (Not in the text. See the notes.) J. S. Mill 16. According to Mill, what is happiness? 17. In Mill’s utilitarianism, what is the foundation of morals? 18. How does Mill argue that some pleasures are better than others? 19. How doe ...
Session 15: Introduction to Utilitarianism
... ethics as culturally relative. Since different people, cultures and societies often have different opinions on what constitutes a virtue, perhaps there is no one objectively right list. ...
... ethics as culturally relative. Since different people, cultures and societies often have different opinions on what constitutes a virtue, perhaps there is no one objectively right list. ...
Ethics 481 2008 3
... 3. Certainty / Uncertainty (likelihood of sensations being produced by given action. 4. Propinquity / Remoteness (how soon they will be felt) 5. Fecundity (whether actions lead to pleasure) 6. Purity (whether actions lead to pain) 7. Extent (number of people affected) ...
... 3. Certainty / Uncertainty (likelihood of sensations being produced by given action. 4. Propinquity / Remoteness (how soon they will be felt) 5. Fecundity (whether actions lead to pleasure) 6. Purity (whether actions lead to pain) 7. Extent (number of people affected) ...
Slide 1
... Kindness, courage, honesty, justice, etc. Focus on motivations for actions, rather than consequences Problems with virtue ethics: Do people really have a telos? If not, how can the virtues be justified? Is cultivating the virtues really the best way for an individual to maximize his human potential? ...
... Kindness, courage, honesty, justice, etc. Focus on motivations for actions, rather than consequences Problems with virtue ethics: Do people really have a telos? If not, how can the virtues be justified? Is cultivating the virtues really the best way for an individual to maximize his human potential? ...
Aristotle on Human Excellence
... Higher quality pleasures (like using one’s mind, creativity, doing good deeds, having friends) are more desirable and make life more worth living than mere bodily sensations. ...
... Higher quality pleasures (like using one’s mind, creativity, doing good deeds, having friends) are more desirable and make life more worth living than mere bodily sensations. ...
Aristotle on Human Excellence
... Higher quality pleasures (like using one’s mind, creativity, doing good deeds, having friends) are more desirable and make life more worth living than mere bodily sensations. ...
... Higher quality pleasures (like using one’s mind, creativity, doing good deeds, having friends) are more desirable and make life more worth living than mere bodily sensations. ...
Utilitarianism
... DURATION, CERTAINTY (or UNCERTAINTY), and its NEARNESS (or FARNESS). He also includes its "fecundity" (will more of the same follow?) and its "purity" (its pleasure won't be followed by pain & vice versa). In considering actions that affect numbers of people, we must also account for its EXTENT. ...
... DURATION, CERTAINTY (or UNCERTAINTY), and its NEARNESS (or FARNESS). He also includes its "fecundity" (will more of the same follow?) and its "purity" (its pleasure won't be followed by pain & vice versa). In considering actions that affect numbers of people, we must also account for its EXTENT. ...
John Stuart Mill
... would be any contradiction, any logical (not to say physical) impossibility, in the adoption by all rational beings of the most outrageously immoral rules of conduct. (Mill) Questions of ultimate ends are not amenable to direct proof. Whatever can be proved to be good, must be so by being shown to b ...
... would be any contradiction, any logical (not to say physical) impossibility, in the adoption by all rational beings of the most outrageously immoral rules of conduct. (Mill) Questions of ultimate ends are not amenable to direct proof. Whatever can be proved to be good, must be so by being shown to b ...
Virtue Ethics
... e.g. if we have a categorical imperative not to lie, it is wrong to lie even if by lying to a mad gunman, we can save an innocent person’s life It is not always possible never to treat a rational agent as an end, e.g. war ...
... e.g. if we have a categorical imperative not to lie, it is wrong to lie even if by lying to a mad gunman, we can save an innocent person’s life It is not always possible never to treat a rational agent as an end, e.g. war ...
File - Philosophy For Life
... Bentham built on Hedonism• Bentham’s theory of motivation: • Human beings are motivated by pleasure and pain. • He is thus a Hedonist. He believes that pleasure is the ultimate motivation. • Nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters -pain and pleasure ...
... Bentham built on Hedonism• Bentham’s theory of motivation: • Human beings are motivated by pleasure and pain. • He is thus a Hedonist. He believes that pleasure is the ultimate motivation. • Nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters -pain and pleasure ...
Philosophy 323
... ethics. Prior to Kant, people sought the origin of morality in the natural order, in the ends proper to human beings, or in feelings. In contrast, Kant seeks the conditions of the possibility of morality and locates them in autonomy: the will’s capacity for self-legislation. Why in a capacity of t ...
... ethics. Prior to Kant, people sought the origin of morality in the natural order, in the ends proper to human beings, or in feelings. In contrast, Kant seeks the conditions of the possibility of morality and locates them in autonomy: the will’s capacity for self-legislation. Why in a capacity of t ...
Utilitarianism-R-Warren-041014
... Difficulties with accurately ascertaining consequences, hence appeal to Rules. No absolute prohibitions: ‘nothing unthinkable’ if it creates the most happiness for the majority. Mill’s distinction between Higher and Lower order pleasures. ...
... Difficulties with accurately ascertaining consequences, hence appeal to Rules. No absolute prohibitions: ‘nothing unthinkable’ if it creates the most happiness for the majority. Mill’s distinction between Higher and Lower order pleasures. ...
Utilitarianism
Utilitarianism is a theory in normative ethics holding that the best moral action is the one that maximizes utility. Utility is defined in various ways, but is usually related to the well-being of sentient entities. Classically, Jeremy Bentham, the founder of Utilitarianism, defined utility as the aggregate pleasure after deducting suffering of all involved in any action. John Stuart Mill expanded this concept of utility to include not only the quantity, but quality of pleasure, while focusing on rules, rather than individual moral actions. Others have rejected that pleasure has positive value and have advocated negative utilitarianism, which defines utility only in terms of suffering. In contrast to this hedonistic view, some define utility with relation to preference satisfaction whereas others believe that a range of values can be included in its definition.Utilitarianism is a form of consequentialism, which states that the consequences of any action are the only standard of right and wrong. This view can be contrasted or combined with virtue ethics which holds virtue as a moral good. Some believe that one's intentions are also ethically important. Utilitarianism is distinctly different from other forms of consequentialism such as egoism as it considers all interests equally. Proponents of utilitarianism have been split about whether individual acts should conform to utility (act utilitarianism) or whether agents should conform to ethical rules (rule utilitarianism). Utilitarians additionally remain split about whether utility should be calculated as an aggregate (total utilitarianism) or an average (average utilitarianism).Historically, hedonism can be traced back to Aristippus and Epicurus who viewed happiness as the only good. Bentham is, however, credited with founding utilitarianism when he wrote An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation. Since Bentham, prominent utilitarians have included John Stuart Mill, Henry Sidgwick, R.M. Hare and Peter Singer. The philosophy has been applied to modern issues including the suffering of non-human animals. Specifically, utilitarianism has been applied to the ethics of raising animals for food and the ethics of wild animal suffering. Effective altruism is a philosophy aimed at improving the world through evidence based means, which has been supported on utilitarian grounds.Opponents of utilitarianism have criticized it for many reasons. Some have said that utilitarianism ignores justice while others contend that utilitarianism is impractical. Specific criticisms have included the mere addition paradox and the utility monster. Others have said that pleasure is not commensurable across people with varying identities and thus the idea of aggregating utility is impossible.