Deontology
... – The Tao- the way: “the principle that nourishes and develops all things” – Western deontologists focus on the individual while Confucian deontology focuses on communitarian duties The family and the community are more important than the self ...
... – The Tao- the way: “the principle that nourishes and develops all things” – Western deontologists focus on the individual while Confucian deontology focuses on communitarian duties The family and the community are more important than the self ...
ETH_REL252_WK2_Lecture
... Utilitarians maximize pleasure (minimize pain) by … • Examining all available options • Comparatively judging which brings greatest good Four step decision-making process - Enroll in MSJ nursing program 1. Identify good or goal you seek to achieve ...
... Utilitarians maximize pleasure (minimize pain) by … • Examining all available options • Comparatively judging which brings greatest good Four step decision-making process - Enroll in MSJ nursing program 1. Identify good or goal you seek to achieve ...
PowerPoint 簡報
... Questions of justice arise whenever one person is treated differently than another. In general everyone should get equal treatment. But this begs the question, “What justifies unequal treatment?” For example, why promote the hard working employee? Utilitarianism: Because everybody benefits from this ...
... Questions of justice arise whenever one person is treated differently than another. In general everyone should get equal treatment. But this begs the question, “What justifies unequal treatment?” For example, why promote the hard working employee? Utilitarianism: Because everybody benefits from this ...
CHAPTER 2
... shareholders and, in the director's discretion, may consider any of the following: (1) The interests of the corporation's employees, suppliers, creditors, and customers; (2) The economy of the state and nation; (3) Community and societal considerations ...
... shareholders and, in the director's discretion, may consider any of the following: (1) The interests of the corporation's employees, suppliers, creditors, and customers; (2) The economy of the state and nation; (3) Community and societal considerations ...
hcc 2nd exam review
... We ought to choose the action which looks most likely to produce most happiness. In order to do so we should usually be guided by those general rules which have been formulated as a result of the long experience of men in society: The beliefs that have come down are the rules of morality for the mul ...
... We ought to choose the action which looks most likely to produce most happiness. In order to do so we should usually be guided by those general rules which have been formulated as a result of the long experience of men in society: The beliefs that have come down are the rules of morality for the mul ...
chapter 1: learning
... The only thing good without qualification or exception is a good will (other good things can be used for bad purposes or with bad results, but not a good will) A good will is one that operates entirely in accordance with the dictates of pure reason The categorical imperative is the universal command ...
... The only thing good without qualification or exception is a good will (other good things can be used for bad purposes or with bad results, but not a good will) A good will is one that operates entirely in accordance with the dictates of pure reason The categorical imperative is the universal command ...
Utilitarianism
... Although clearly there are profound differences between consequentialist and nonconsequentialist moral theories, there is also much variation among individual consequentialist theories. Specifically, they each offer different viewpoints on what kind of good—protecting the environment, serving God, e ...
... Although clearly there are profound differences between consequentialist and nonconsequentialist moral theories, there is also much variation among individual consequentialist theories. Specifically, they each offer different viewpoints on what kind of good—protecting the environment, serving God, e ...
Motive Utilitarianism DRAFT - Gwen Bradford
... the world constant. Further, one must consider whether transition costs are also relevant: presumably if one does not currently have motives that would be optimal to have, there may be some disutility in cultivating these motives. Should this be counted against the overall utility of the motives, or ...
... the world constant. Further, one must consider whether transition costs are also relevant: presumably if one does not currently have motives that would be optimal to have, there may be some disutility in cultivating these motives. Should this be counted against the overall utility of the motives, or ...
Utilitarianism - Welcome to the UC Davis Philosophy
... The Possibility of Happiness • The greatest happiness principle makes the ultimate end happiness, extended as much as possible to all humans or sentient creatures • Is happiness possible in human beings? – Mitigation of pain at least is possible – Happiness is not a life of rapture, but a varied li ...
... The Possibility of Happiness • The greatest happiness principle makes the ultimate end happiness, extended as much as possible to all humans or sentient creatures • Is happiness possible in human beings? – Mitigation of pain at least is possible – Happiness is not a life of rapture, but a varied li ...
Chapter 13 Theories Strengths and Weaknesses
... Impartiality, no exceptions to rules. Emphasis on the intent or motive of moral agent, regardless of consequences. ...
... Impartiality, no exceptions to rules. Emphasis on the intent or motive of moral agent, regardless of consequences. ...
From Ethical Theory to Practice
... would produce overall utility. Possibly inconsistent with other things of value like loyalty and friendship. ...
... would produce overall utility. Possibly inconsistent with other things of value like loyalty and friendship. ...
Consequentialist Theories
... Some of you may be familiar with the most famous proponent of Universal Ethical Egoism? Ayn Rand (1905-1982) called this “Rational Ethical Egoism.” Rand wrote Atlas Shrugged and The Fountainhead. Rand believed that the self-interests of rational people would never conflict—they would come to the sa ...
... Some of you may be familiar with the most famous proponent of Universal Ethical Egoism? Ayn Rand (1905-1982) called this “Rational Ethical Egoism.” Rand wrote Atlas Shrugged and The Fountainhead. Rand believed that the self-interests of rational people would never conflict—they would come to the sa ...
Session 18
... Empirical support: •Cultures vary in what they consider right and wrong. (E.g. polygamy) •Morals change over time (e.g. slavery). •Moral beliefs are influenced by how and by whom one is raised. Questions: •Is it possible that universal norms underlie the disparate rules/practices? •Is this the way t ...
... Empirical support: •Cultures vary in what they consider right and wrong. (E.g. polygamy) •Morals change over time (e.g. slavery). •Moral beliefs are influenced by how and by whom one is raised. Questions: •Is it possible that universal norms underlie the disparate rules/practices? •Is this the way t ...
Ian Horkan ERH-207W Mr. Morgan Word Count: 1641 The Injustice
... moral principles, but rather out of one that says how can I do the most good. Kant’s philosophy does not necessarily care about the ends of an action, only the means by which the action was taken. Examining utilitarianism through Kant’s concept of the categorical imperative also illustrates how inco ...
... moral principles, but rather out of one that says how can I do the most good. Kant’s philosophy does not necessarily care about the ends of an action, only the means by which the action was taken. Examining utilitarianism through Kant’s concept of the categorical imperative also illustrates how inco ...
Ethical Theories
... • lead to a logical contradiction (if universalized), we have a “perfect duty” not to violate the maxim (example – universalizing stealing meaninglessness of “property”) • lead to an undesirable condition (if universalized), we have an “imperfect duty” not to violate the maxim (example – universal ...
... • lead to a logical contradiction (if universalized), we have a “perfect duty” not to violate the maxim (example – universalizing stealing meaninglessness of “property”) • lead to an undesirable condition (if universalized), we have an “imperfect duty” not to violate the maxim (example – universal ...
Bernard Williams
... “The reason why the squeamishness appeal can be very unsettling … is … that we … cannot regard our moral feelings merely as objects of utilitarian value. Because our moral relation to the world is partly given by such feelings, and by a sense of what we can or cannot ‘live with’, to come to regard t ...
... “The reason why the squeamishness appeal can be very unsettling … is … that we … cannot regard our moral feelings merely as objects of utilitarian value. Because our moral relation to the world is partly given by such feelings, and by a sense of what we can or cannot ‘live with’, to come to regard t ...
Moral Theory Notes
... C: Utilitarianism will support the sense of justice since respecting that sense will maximize happiness in the long run. However, one could agree with Mill on the origin of justice, and disagree with his reasons for its morality. In other words, some people argue (Kant for example) that human beings ...
... C: Utilitarianism will support the sense of justice since respecting that sense will maximize happiness in the long run. However, one could agree with Mill on the origin of justice, and disagree with his reasons for its morality. In other words, some people argue (Kant for example) that human beings ...
Deontology
... people in need. If there are starving people in Africa, it is your moral obligation to send money or supplies. ...
... people in need. If there are starving people in Africa, it is your moral obligation to send money or supplies. ...
see PowerPoint shared by Paul
... What Ethics Isn’t Ethics is not the same as ‘morals’ – Morality: a set of beliefs one embraces, to provide the basis for right/wrong, good/bad distinctions – Ethics brings morality into real-life dilemmas*, concluding with ‘what ought to be done’ *Why are they dilemmas? Because two or more moral va ...
... What Ethics Isn’t Ethics is not the same as ‘morals’ – Morality: a set of beliefs one embraces, to provide the basis for right/wrong, good/bad distinctions – Ethics brings morality into real-life dilemmas*, concluding with ‘what ought to be done’ *Why are they dilemmas? Because two or more moral va ...
Classical Chinese Philosophies - Fort Thomas Independent Schools
... 2). Act as if the maxim of your action were to become by your will a universal law of nature 3). Always act so as to treat humanity, whether in yourself or others, as an end in itself, never merely as a means 4). Always act as if to bring about, and as a member of, a Kingdom of Ends (that is, an ide ...
... 2). Act as if the maxim of your action were to become by your will a universal law of nature 3). Always act so as to treat humanity, whether in yourself or others, as an end in itself, never merely as a means 4). Always act as if to bring about, and as a member of, a Kingdom of Ends (that is, an ide ...
Introduction to Ethical Theory II
... action it is. What matters is doing our duty. There are many kinds of deontological theory ...
... action it is. What matters is doing our duty. There are many kinds of deontological theory ...
Examining Different Ethical Systems In this session we will be
... Classical utilitarian’s such as Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill held “pleasure” and “happiness” to be the standard of intrinsic value by which the goodness of an actions consequences are judged. If an act brings about the maximum utility (pleasure, or happiness)to everyone affected (including th ...
... Classical utilitarian’s such as Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill held “pleasure” and “happiness” to be the standard of intrinsic value by which the goodness of an actions consequences are judged. If an act brings about the maximum utility (pleasure, or happiness)to everyone affected (including th ...
2 Booklet 2 Utilitarianism
... ‘Whose?’. For Utilitarians love is subordinate to justice, whereas for Christians love is primary. A fundamental difference between Utilitarianism and Christian ethics can be seen in the events around the trial of Jesus before Caiaphas, as recorded in John’s Gospel (Chapter 18). Jesus and Caiaphas a ...
... ‘Whose?’. For Utilitarians love is subordinate to justice, whereas for Christians love is primary. A fundamental difference between Utilitarianism and Christian ethics can be seen in the events around the trial of Jesus before Caiaphas, as recorded in John’s Gospel (Chapter 18). Jesus and Caiaphas a ...
clouds
... each person’s beliefs are relative to that person alone and cannot be judged from the outside by any other person.” ...
... each person’s beliefs are relative to that person alone and cannot be judged from the outside by any other person.” ...
Basis-for-Medical
... Later, after realizing that the formulation recognized two different and potentially conflicting maximanda, he dropped the second part and talked simply about "the greatest happiness principle". John Stuart Mill wrote a famous (and short) book called Utilitarianism. Although Mill was a utilitarian, ...
... Later, after realizing that the formulation recognized two different and potentially conflicting maximanda, he dropped the second part and talked simply about "the greatest happiness principle". John Stuart Mill wrote a famous (and short) book called Utilitarianism. Although Mill was a utilitarian, ...
Utilitarianism
Utilitarianism is a theory in normative ethics holding that the best moral action is the one that maximizes utility. Utility is defined in various ways, but is usually related to the well-being of sentient entities. Classically, Jeremy Bentham, the founder of Utilitarianism, defined utility as the aggregate pleasure after deducting suffering of all involved in any action. John Stuart Mill expanded this concept of utility to include not only the quantity, but quality of pleasure, while focusing on rules, rather than individual moral actions. Others have rejected that pleasure has positive value and have advocated negative utilitarianism, which defines utility only in terms of suffering. In contrast to this hedonistic view, some define utility with relation to preference satisfaction whereas others believe that a range of values can be included in its definition.Utilitarianism is a form of consequentialism, which states that the consequences of any action are the only standard of right and wrong. This view can be contrasted or combined with virtue ethics which holds virtue as a moral good. Some believe that one's intentions are also ethically important. Utilitarianism is distinctly different from other forms of consequentialism such as egoism as it considers all interests equally. Proponents of utilitarianism have been split about whether individual acts should conform to utility (act utilitarianism) or whether agents should conform to ethical rules (rule utilitarianism). Utilitarians additionally remain split about whether utility should be calculated as an aggregate (total utilitarianism) or an average (average utilitarianism).Historically, hedonism can be traced back to Aristippus and Epicurus who viewed happiness as the only good. Bentham is, however, credited with founding utilitarianism when he wrote An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation. Since Bentham, prominent utilitarians have included John Stuart Mill, Henry Sidgwick, R.M. Hare and Peter Singer. The philosophy has been applied to modern issues including the suffering of non-human animals. Specifically, utilitarianism has been applied to the ethics of raising animals for food and the ethics of wild animal suffering. Effective altruism is a philosophy aimed at improving the world through evidence based means, which has been supported on utilitarian grounds.Opponents of utilitarianism have criticized it for many reasons. Some have said that utilitarianism ignores justice while others contend that utilitarianism is impractical. Specific criticisms have included the mere addition paradox and the utility monster. Others have said that pleasure is not commensurable across people with varying identities and thus the idea of aggregating utility is impossible.