2. NOTIONS OF MORALITY (notes)
... Compels action in a given circumstance “If I wish to satisfy my thirst, then I must drink something” ...
... Compels action in a given circumstance “If I wish to satisfy my thirst, then I must drink something” ...
Lecture 1/15: II. Introduction to Applied Ethics
... their replies were the following: "Ethics has to do with what my feelings tell me is right or wrong." "Ethics has to do with my religious beliefs.“ "Being ethical is doing what the law requires." "Ethics consists of the standards of behavior our society accepts." "I don't know what the word means." ...
... their replies were the following: "Ethics has to do with what my feelings tell me is right or wrong." "Ethics has to do with my religious beliefs.“ "Being ethical is doing what the law requires." "Ethics consists of the standards of behavior our society accepts." "I don't know what the word means." ...
What follows is a brief summary of the material on Kant
... 1) Perform only those actions that you can will as universally binding on all people at all times. 2) always treat people as ends in themselves and not JUST as means to an end. (moral respect for persons) Act/Rule Deontology: As with utilitarianism, there are two general forms of deontology – act an ...
... 1) Perform only those actions that you can will as universally binding on all people at all times. 2) always treat people as ends in themselves and not JUST as means to an end. (moral respect for persons) Act/Rule Deontology: As with utilitarianism, there are two general forms of deontology – act an ...
HU245
... seem really different from our own in what they think is right and wrong Conclusion: what’s right and wrong is not universal, but relative to one’s culture ...
... seem really different from our own in what they think is right and wrong Conclusion: what’s right and wrong is not universal, but relative to one’s culture ...
Ethics: A Brief Overview
... “Teaser” for next class… If animals have a different purpose from humans, does this change the “rules” for research? ...
... “Teaser” for next class… If animals have a different purpose from humans, does this change the “rules” for research? ...
Ethics - Pennsylvania State University
... • Do what produces greatest good for the greatest number of people – Monetary costs and benefits – Human welfare – Pleasure or happiness ...
... • Do what produces greatest good for the greatest number of people – Monetary costs and benefits – Human welfare – Pleasure or happiness ...
types+of+moral+theories
... An act, X, is morally permissible if the consequences of following the general rule (Y), of which act X is an instance, would bring about the greatest good for the greatest number. ...
... An act, X, is morally permissible if the consequences of following the general rule (Y), of which act X is an instance, would bring about the greatest good for the greatest number. ...
Morality and Ethics
... Act Utilitarianism: Consider the consequences of an action for the ones which will benefit the most Rule Utilitarianism: Obey the rules that brings max happiness to max people ...
... Act Utilitarianism: Consider the consequences of an action for the ones which will benefit the most Rule Utilitarianism: Obey the rules that brings max happiness to max people ...
Kant and Moral Duties
... Morality seems to consist in various law-like principles, obligations, that limit our freedom “I want…” (desire) versus “I ought…” (duty) Kant will show, however, that these moral duties issue from our truly impartial rational desires, and so are expressions of our freedom (“Laws of Freedom”) ...
... Morality seems to consist in various law-like principles, obligations, that limit our freedom “I want…” (desire) versus “I ought…” (duty) Kant will show, however, that these moral duties issue from our truly impartial rational desires, and so are expressions of our freedom (“Laws of Freedom”) ...
Kant and Respect for Persons
... Justification of Punishment 1. We must treat people as an end-in-themselves 2. To treat someone as an end is to treat them as a rational being 3. To treat someone as a rational being is to treat a person as capable of reasoning about his or her conduct and freely deciding what he or she will do. 4. ...
... Justification of Punishment 1. We must treat people as an end-in-themselves 2. To treat someone as an end is to treat them as a rational being 3. To treat someone as a rational being is to treat a person as capable of reasoning about his or her conduct and freely deciding what he or she will do. 4. ...
Ethics Theories
... Thomas Aquinas (1224-1274). He held that natural law is part of the divine law or plan (of God) for the universe, and that moral good is from the innate tendencies of our nature. Unique to human is the specific capacities of knowing and choosing freely. We therefore ought to treat ourselves and ot ...
... Thomas Aquinas (1224-1274). He held that natural law is part of the divine law or plan (of God) for the universe, and that moral good is from the innate tendencies of our nature. Unique to human is the specific capacities of knowing and choosing freely. We therefore ought to treat ourselves and ot ...
How Important is Character in Ethics paper
... something. Next is the word Ethics: ethics is concerned with distinguishing between good and evil in the world, between right and wrong human actions, and between virtuous and nonvirtuous characteristics of people. Finally, the word Vice: vice can be defined as an immoral or wicked personal characte ...
... something. Next is the word Ethics: ethics is concerned with distinguishing between good and evil in the world, between right and wrong human actions, and between virtuous and nonvirtuous characteristics of people. Finally, the word Vice: vice can be defined as an immoral or wicked personal characte ...
Virtue ethics
... Prepare a short (3-5 minute) presentation: a short synopsis of the main elements from your outline (introduction/thesis, exegesis, your argument, objection, response, and conclusion). ...
... Prepare a short (3-5 minute) presentation: a short synopsis of the main elements from your outline (introduction/thesis, exegesis, your argument, objection, response, and conclusion). ...
morals and ethics2 - Mountain View
... Moral standards depend on God who is allknowing. Any act that conforms to the law of God is right; an act that breaks God’s law is wrong. Strengths--Standards are from a higher authority than humans. Gives a reason for moral behavior. Weakness--Depends on interpretation of God’s will. ...
... Moral standards depend on God who is allknowing. Any act that conforms to the law of God is right; an act that breaks God’s law is wrong. Strengths--Standards are from a higher authority than humans. Gives a reason for moral behavior. Weakness--Depends on interpretation of God’s will. ...
CHAPTER 6
... Virtues and community • Virtues must be formed within the context of a particular coherent social order. • We are not isolated individuals, but fill various roles; e.g., someone’s son or daughter, a member of some profession. • “The story of my life is always embedded in the story of those communit ...
... Virtues and community • Virtues must be formed within the context of a particular coherent social order. • We are not isolated individuals, but fill various roles; e.g., someone’s son or daughter, a member of some profession. • “The story of my life is always embedded in the story of those communit ...
Kant`s Moral Theory
... 1st Premise (Fact 1: State fact and source) 2nd Premise (Fact 2: State fact and source) 3rd Premise (Fact 3: State fact and source) 4th Premise (Fact 4: State fact and source) ...
... 1st Premise (Fact 1: State fact and source) 2nd Premise (Fact 2: State fact and source) 3rd Premise (Fact 3: State fact and source) 4th Premise (Fact 4: State fact and source) ...
Ethics and Business Ethics
... the Greek philosopher Epicurus, but as a specific school of thought, it was originally proposed by Jeremy Bentham. • From the principle of utility, Bentham found pain and pleasure to be the only intrinsic values in the world: "nature has put man under the governance of two sovereign masters: pleasur ...
... the Greek philosopher Epicurus, but as a specific school of thought, it was originally proposed by Jeremy Bentham. • From the principle of utility, Bentham found pain and pleasure to be the only intrinsic values in the world: "nature has put man under the governance of two sovereign masters: pleasur ...
STOLZE - PHILOSOPHY 102
... their preferences. To kill a person is therefore, normally, to violate not just one but a wide range of the most central and significant preferences a being can have. Very often, it will make nonsense of everything that the victim has been trying to do in the past days, months or even years. In cont ...
... their preferences. To kill a person is therefore, normally, to violate not just one but a wide range of the most central and significant preferences a being can have. Very often, it will make nonsense of everything that the victim has been trying to do in the past days, months or even years. In cont ...
introdcution to ethics - MDC Faculty Home Pages
... consequences, but because according to Kant, they violate a rule of logic. • For Example, if we all lied, all the time, then there would be no truth in the world. As such, truth would be meaningless- Logically, it would not exist- as a consequence… hard to avoid speaking in Terms of consequences. ...
... consequences, but because according to Kant, they violate a rule of logic. • For Example, if we all lied, all the time, then there would be no truth in the world. As such, truth would be meaningless- Logically, it would not exist- as a consequence… hard to avoid speaking in Terms of consequences. ...
- MAD Maxfield
... Moral standards depend on God who is allknowing. Any act that conforms to the law of God is right; an act that breaks God’s law is wrong. Strengths--Standards are from a higher authority than humans. Gives a reason for moral behavior. Weakness--Depends on interpretation of God’s will. ...
... Moral standards depend on God who is allknowing. Any act that conforms to the law of God is right; an act that breaks God’s law is wrong. Strengths--Standards are from a higher authority than humans. Gives a reason for moral behavior. Weakness--Depends on interpretation of God’s will. ...
Nonconsequentialist Theories
... 4. Surely some human beings do not (or appear not to) have moral intuitions; how do we expect them to act ethically without some exterior and rationally defensible touchstone for ethical behavior? 5. One of Thiroux’s biggest concerns is the social dimension of ethical decision making, so “if intuiti ...
... 4. Surely some human beings do not (or appear not to) have moral intuitions; how do we expect them to act ethically without some exterior and rationally defensible touchstone for ethical behavior? 5. One of Thiroux’s biggest concerns is the social dimension of ethical decision making, so “if intuiti ...
File
... the following question: Why not shortchange a blind news vender by telling him he was paid with a five dollar, rather than a one dollar bill? In your answer, avoid cliches and flippant generalizations. Avoid vague pontificating and righteous knee-jerk moralizing. Use good reasoning and your powers o ...
... the following question: Why not shortchange a blind news vender by telling him he was paid with a five dollar, rather than a one dollar bill? In your answer, avoid cliches and flippant generalizations. Avoid vague pontificating and righteous knee-jerk moralizing. Use good reasoning and your powers o ...
Ethics – Consequentialism and Utilitarianism
... to note that prominent utilitarians such as Jeremy Bentham and Peter Singer hold that all sentient beings should be ascribed moral status, in the sense that moral agents have duties towards all beings who can experience pleasure and pain. ...
... to note that prominent utilitarians such as Jeremy Bentham and Peter Singer hold that all sentient beings should be ascribed moral status, in the sense that moral agents have duties towards all beings who can experience pleasure and pain. ...
Utilitarianism
Utilitarianism is a theory in normative ethics holding that the best moral action is the one that maximizes utility. Utility is defined in various ways, but is usually related to the well-being of sentient entities. Classically, Jeremy Bentham, the founder of Utilitarianism, defined utility as the aggregate pleasure after deducting suffering of all involved in any action. John Stuart Mill expanded this concept of utility to include not only the quantity, but quality of pleasure, while focusing on rules, rather than individual moral actions. Others have rejected that pleasure has positive value and have advocated negative utilitarianism, which defines utility only in terms of suffering. In contrast to this hedonistic view, some define utility with relation to preference satisfaction whereas others believe that a range of values can be included in its definition.Utilitarianism is a form of consequentialism, which states that the consequences of any action are the only standard of right and wrong. This view can be contrasted or combined with virtue ethics which holds virtue as a moral good. Some believe that one's intentions are also ethically important. Utilitarianism is distinctly different from other forms of consequentialism such as egoism as it considers all interests equally. Proponents of utilitarianism have been split about whether individual acts should conform to utility (act utilitarianism) or whether agents should conform to ethical rules (rule utilitarianism). Utilitarians additionally remain split about whether utility should be calculated as an aggregate (total utilitarianism) or an average (average utilitarianism).Historically, hedonism can be traced back to Aristippus and Epicurus who viewed happiness as the only good. Bentham is, however, credited with founding utilitarianism when he wrote An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation. Since Bentham, prominent utilitarians have included John Stuart Mill, Henry Sidgwick, R.M. Hare and Peter Singer. The philosophy has been applied to modern issues including the suffering of non-human animals. Specifically, utilitarianism has been applied to the ethics of raising animals for food and the ethics of wild animal suffering. Effective altruism is a philosophy aimed at improving the world through evidence based means, which has been supported on utilitarian grounds.Opponents of utilitarianism have criticized it for many reasons. Some have said that utilitarianism ignores justice while others contend that utilitarianism is impractical. Specific criticisms have included the mere addition paradox and the utility monster. Others have said that pleasure is not commensurable across people with varying identities and thus the idea of aggregating utility is impossible.