Ethical Principles
... (DUTY-BASED) APPROACH The means (method/ system) justify the ends of an action Regardless of consequences, based on universal principles i.e. justice, fairness, honesty, and respect Must do the right thing, even it’s not good for most of people Categorical imperative (Kant): duty to act resp ...
... (DUTY-BASED) APPROACH The means (method/ system) justify the ends of an action Regardless of consequences, based on universal principles i.e. justice, fairness, honesty, and respect Must do the right thing, even it’s not good for most of people Categorical imperative (Kant): duty to act resp ...
Moral Reasoning
... Note that universalizability is not the same as universality. Kant’s point is not that we would all agree on some rule if it is moral. Instead, we must be able to will that it be made universal; the idea is very much like the golden rule – “Do unto others, as you would have them do unto you.” If yo ...
... Note that universalizability is not the same as universality. Kant’s point is not that we would all agree on some rule if it is moral. Instead, we must be able to will that it be made universal; the idea is very much like the golden rule – “Do unto others, as you would have them do unto you.” If yo ...
Utilitarianism
... “Rule utilitarianism” – John Stuart Mill [“the good” is happiness, a more complex notion, achieved by living a principled and prudent life] ...
... “Rule utilitarianism” – John Stuart Mill [“the good” is happiness, a more complex notion, achieved by living a principled and prudent life] ...
Moral Reasoning
... own person and in that of another, always as an end and never merely as a means. Thus morality is seen as being an objective requirement, independent of what anyone may want. ...
... own person and in that of another, always as an end and never merely as a means. Thus morality is seen as being an objective requirement, independent of what anyone may want. ...
Moral Reasoning
... own person and in that of another, always as an end and never merely as a means. Thus morality is seen as being an objective requirement, independent of what anyone may want. ...
... own person and in that of another, always as an end and never merely as a means. Thus morality is seen as being an objective requirement, independent of what anyone may want. ...
Morality and Ethics (cont.)
... The end (purpose) of morality is in preserving the well-being and dignity of all rational agents: “Act with reference to every rational being (whether yourself or another) so that it is an end in itself in your maxim…“ (Kant, Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals) You must never treat a person as ...
... The end (purpose) of morality is in preserving the well-being and dignity of all rational agents: “Act with reference to every rational being (whether yourself or another) so that it is an end in itself in your maxim…“ (Kant, Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals) You must never treat a person as ...
moral philosophy - The Richmond Philosophy Pages
... Happiness Principle, holds that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness. By happiness is intended pleasure, and the absence of pain; by unhappiness, pain, and the privation of pleasure. To give a clear view of the mora ...
... Happiness Principle, holds that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness. By happiness is intended pleasure, and the absence of pain; by unhappiness, pain, and the privation of pleasure. To give a clear view of the mora ...
Types of Ethical Theories
... If it is pleasure: hedonic consequentialism --Who is Z? If it is the agent: egoistic consequentialism. If it is the general good: universalist consequentialism c. Utilitarianism: Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill Principle of utility: the moral end (goal, telos) of all we ought to do is to produce ...
... If it is pleasure: hedonic consequentialism --Who is Z? If it is the agent: egoistic consequentialism. If it is the general good: universalist consequentialism c. Utilitarianism: Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill Principle of utility: the moral end (goal, telos) of all we ought to do is to produce ...
Moral Reasoning
... agree on some rule if it is moral. Instead, we must be able to will that it be made universal; the idea is very much like the golden rule – “Do unto others, as you would have them do unto you.” If you cannot will that everyone follow the same rule, your rule is not a moral one. The principle of univ ...
... agree on some rule if it is moral. Instead, we must be able to will that it be made universal; the idea is very much like the golden rule – “Do unto others, as you would have them do unto you.” If you cannot will that everyone follow the same rule, your rule is not a moral one. The principle of univ ...
Moral Reasoning
... own person and in that of another, always as an end and never merely as a means. Thus morality is seen as being an objective requirement, independent of what anyone may want. ...
... own person and in that of another, always as an end and never merely as a means. Thus morality is seen as being an objective requirement, independent of what anyone may want. ...
Utilitarianism
... • It can be used to morally justify actions that many of us consider to be immoral, such as a secret but adulterous “fling” in a marriage • Suppose many people would get a great deal of pleasure out of seeing some innocent person tortured and slaughtered. The victim would suffer a great deal of pain ...
... • It can be used to morally justify actions that many of us consider to be immoral, such as a secret but adulterous “fling” in a marriage • Suppose many people would get a great deal of pleasure out of seeing some innocent person tortured and slaughtered. The victim would suffer a great deal of pain ...
Utililitarianism
... A consequentialist moral philosophyone that judges actions in terms of the goodness or badness of their results. Like Aristotle and Kant, Mill based his moral theory on reasoning and observation alone, not divine revelation. ...
... A consequentialist moral philosophyone that judges actions in terms of the goodness or badness of their results. Like Aristotle and Kant, Mill based his moral theory on reasoning and observation alone, not divine revelation. ...
Utilitarianism
Utilitarianism is a theory in normative ethics holding that the best moral action is the one that maximizes utility. Utility is defined in various ways, but is usually related to the well-being of sentient entities. Classically, Jeremy Bentham, the founder of Utilitarianism, defined utility as the aggregate pleasure after deducting suffering of all involved in any action. John Stuart Mill expanded this concept of utility to include not only the quantity, but quality of pleasure, while focusing on rules, rather than individual moral actions. Others have rejected that pleasure has positive value and have advocated negative utilitarianism, which defines utility only in terms of suffering. In contrast to this hedonistic view, some define utility with relation to preference satisfaction whereas others believe that a range of values can be included in its definition.Utilitarianism is a form of consequentialism, which states that the consequences of any action are the only standard of right and wrong. This view can be contrasted or combined with virtue ethics which holds virtue as a moral good. Some believe that one's intentions are also ethically important. Utilitarianism is distinctly different from other forms of consequentialism such as egoism as it considers all interests equally. Proponents of utilitarianism have been split about whether individual acts should conform to utility (act utilitarianism) or whether agents should conform to ethical rules (rule utilitarianism). Utilitarians additionally remain split about whether utility should be calculated as an aggregate (total utilitarianism) or an average (average utilitarianism).Historically, hedonism can be traced back to Aristippus and Epicurus who viewed happiness as the only good. Bentham is, however, credited with founding utilitarianism when he wrote An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation. Since Bentham, prominent utilitarians have included John Stuart Mill, Henry Sidgwick, R.M. Hare and Peter Singer. The philosophy has been applied to modern issues including the suffering of non-human animals. Specifically, utilitarianism has been applied to the ethics of raising animals for food and the ethics of wild animal suffering. Effective altruism is a philosophy aimed at improving the world through evidence based means, which has been supported on utilitarian grounds.Opponents of utilitarianism have criticized it for many reasons. Some have said that utilitarianism ignores justice while others contend that utilitarianism is impractical. Specific criticisms have included the mere addition paradox and the utility monster. Others have said that pleasure is not commensurable across people with varying identities and thus the idea of aggregating utility is impossible.