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ETHICAL PRINCIPLES ETHICS Utilitarianism: calculation of costs(-) and benefits(+) Universalism: duty Virtue: character Relativism: societal consensus UTILITARIANISM: A CONSEQUENTIALIST APPROACH An action is judged as right or good on the basis of its consequences/results Greatest good for the greatest number of people Net benefits(+) over costs(-) are greater than other choices 2 Types of Utilitarianism: Act-based: calculate consequences of each action we perform, then determine on a case by case basis whether an action is morally right or wrong i.e. wasting time by watching TV is morally wrong since our time could be spent on charity work for greater social benefits Rule-based: a certain behavioral rule or principle is morally right if the consequences of adopting that rule are more favorable than unfavorable to everyone i.e. adopting moral rule: “stealing is wrong” against theft would clearly has more favorable consequences than unfavorable for everyone UTILITARIANISM: A CONSEQUENTIALIST APPROACH (CON’T) Use when: Resources are fixed or scarce Priorities are in conflict No clear choice fulfills everyone’s needs/goals Large or diverse groups are in a zero-sum (one gain, one loss) decision Problems with utilitarianism include: No agreement exists about the definition of “good” for all concerned No agreement exists about who decides The actions are not judged, but rather their consequences How are the costs and benefits of nonmonetary stakes measured? Does not consider the individual The principles of rights and justice are ignored UNIVERSALISM: A DEONTOLOGICAL (DUTY-BASED) APPROACH The means (method/ system) justify the ends of an action Regardless of consequences, based on universal principles i.e. justice, fairness, honesty, and respect Must do the right thing, even it’s not good for most of people Categorical imperative (Kant): duty to act responsibly and respectfully toward all individuals in a situation Choose to act if and only if every person on earth, in that same situation, should act exactly the same way In an ethical dilemma, act in a way that respects and treats all others involved as ends as well as means to an end UNIVERSALISM: A DEONTOLOGICAL (DUTY-BASED) APPROACH (CON’T) Major weaknesses include: Principles are imprecise and lack practical utility Hard to resolve conflicts of interest Does not allow for prioritizing one’s duties CONFLICT OF INTEREST A situation where one relationship /obligation places you in direct conflict with existing relationship /obligation A situation in which you cannot legally be involved in one business activity, because you have connections with another business that would gain an unfair advantage from your involvement Example: The businessman who also being a politician might has conflict of interest between his profit from company and the wealth of nation, by imposition some rules or taxes related to his business. VIRTUE ETHICS: CHARACTER-BASED Focus on long-term characteristics, general notion of good person A concept of living life according to a commitment to the achievement of a clear ideal— “What sort of person would I like to become, and how do I go about becoming that person?” ETHICAL RELATIVISM: A SELF-INTEREST APPROACH No universal standards or rules People set their own moral standards for judging their actions Ethical relativism is the theory that holds that morality is relative to the norms of one's culture. That is, whether an action is right or wrong depends on the moral norms of the society in which it is practiced. Benefits include: Ability to recognize and value the distinction between individual and social values, customs, and moral standards