Moral Rights
... The best kind of relationship in the world is the one in which a “Sorry” & a “Smile” can make everything back to normal again… ...
... The best kind of relationship in the world is the one in which a “Sorry” & a “Smile” can make everything back to normal again… ...
Online Privacy Issues Overview
... Question: Can a person in dire straits make a promise with the intention of breaking it later? Proposed rule: “I may make promises with the intention of later breaking them.” The person in trouble wants his promise to be believed so he can get what he needs. Universalize rule: Everyone may make & br ...
... Question: Can a person in dire straits make a promise with the intention of breaking it later? Proposed rule: “I may make promises with the intention of later breaking them.” The person in trouble wants his promise to be believed so he can get what he needs. Universalize rule: Everyone may make & br ...
Mill, Utilitarianism Notes 3 (MS Word)
... -- Another way to think of this question: utilitarianism seems to focus on the sum total of happiness and not its distribution—would it be permissible to allow some people to experience great pain to produce more happiness for a greater number? -- Mill’s answer in this chapter: No, not if the inflic ...
... -- Another way to think of this question: utilitarianism seems to focus on the sum total of happiness and not its distribution—would it be permissible to allow some people to experience great pain to produce more happiness for a greater number? -- Mill’s answer in this chapter: No, not if the inflic ...
Ethical Theories - Easy Guide File
... 1. “deon”: duty + “logos”: study, theory, account, principle ...
... 1. “deon”: duty + “logos”: study, theory, account, principle ...
James Rachels: The Debate over Utilitarianism
... not resign it for any quantity of the other pleasures which their nature is capable of. 4. According to Mill, whose happiness must be considered? For me, in what I understand about the case, those who are in greater in number or the majority should be considered in happiness. 5. Carefully reconstruc ...
... not resign it for any quantity of the other pleasures which their nature is capable of. 4. According to Mill, whose happiness must be considered? For me, in what I understand about the case, those who are in greater in number or the majority should be considered in happiness. 5. Carefully reconstruc ...
Ethics - Check Out Philosophy
... Utilitarianism A traffic light should be installed at the intersection to prevent accidents The person who stole your money must be punished to deter future crime All citizens will be required to pay income ...
... Utilitarianism A traffic light should be installed at the intersection to prevent accidents The person who stole your money must be punished to deter future crime All citizens will be required to pay income ...
EECS 690
... • Since reason is of supreme moral importance, it will be immoral to treat rational beings as if they are not rational beings. • In Kant’s language, “So act that you use humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, always at the same time as an end, never merely as a means” • ...
... • Since reason is of supreme moral importance, it will be immoral to treat rational beings as if they are not rational beings. • In Kant’s language, “So act that you use humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, always at the same time as an end, never merely as a means” • ...
Mill
... drink and sex—any pleasure that is shared with non-human animals. What about the pleasures of casual nonintellectual conversation, of sports, etc. ? ...
... drink and sex—any pleasure that is shared with non-human animals. What about the pleasures of casual nonintellectual conversation, of sports, etc. ? ...
Yr 9 Test = Revision
... the rightness or wrongness of an action is determined by the amount of happiness it causes. There is no such thing as an absolute right as something is right only when it produces the most amount of happiness for the greatest number of people. UTILITARIANISM ...
... the rightness or wrongness of an action is determined by the amount of happiness it causes. There is no such thing as an absolute right as something is right only when it produces the most amount of happiness for the greatest number of people. UTILITARIANISM ...
Utilitarianism: objections
... Many of the things that we do to make people happy are aimed at specific other people, our family and friends. We do them favours, buy them presents, generally spend our time and money on them. But act utilitarianism argues that in our decisions, we need to consider the greatest happiness that our a ...
... Many of the things that we do to make people happy are aimed at specific other people, our family and friends. We do them favours, buy them presents, generally spend our time and money on them. But act utilitarianism argues that in our decisions, we need to consider the greatest happiness that our a ...
Chapter One: Moral Reasons
... Ethical relativism: Moral truths are not absolutely true but true relative to some particular standards. Cultural relativism: Moral truths are not absolutely true but are relative to a particular society. – Whether an act is right or wrong depends on the moral norms of society and not on an absolute ...
... Ethical relativism: Moral truths are not absolutely true but true relative to some particular standards. Cultural relativism: Moral truths are not absolutely true but are relative to a particular society. – Whether an act is right or wrong depends on the moral norms of society and not on an absolute ...
Ethics in Modern Philosophy
... meant that principle which approves or disapproves of every action whatsoever, according to the tendency it appears to have to augment or diminish the happiness of the party whose interest is in question: or, what is the same thing in other words to promote or to oppose that happiness.” ...
... meant that principle which approves or disapproves of every action whatsoever, according to the tendency it appears to have to augment or diminish the happiness of the party whose interest is in question: or, what is the same thing in other words to promote or to oppose that happiness.” ...
ETHICS AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
... behavior in a single organization. Often these standards are formalized in a Mission Statement or in a Code of Ethics. Code of Ethics - a formal statement of ethical principles and rules of conduct. Employees who report the unethical or illegal actions of their employers are called Whistle-blowers. ...
... behavior in a single organization. Often these standards are formalized in a Mission Statement or in a Code of Ethics. Code of Ethics - a formal statement of ethical principles and rules of conduct. Employees who report the unethical or illegal actions of their employers are called Whistle-blowers. ...
Ethics and Ethical Theories
... • People disagree on solutions. – They also agree on many things. ...
... • People disagree on solutions. – They also agree on many things. ...
Ethical Concepts and Theories
... – Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill – Goal: produce desirable outcomes – Consequences are a standard for evaluation – Morality has nothing to do with intent ∗ An action is good if it benefits someone ∗ An action is bad if it harms someone – Utility: tendency of an object to produce happiness or pr ...
... – Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill – Goal: produce desirable outcomes – Consequences are a standard for evaluation – Morality has nothing to do with intent ∗ An action is good if it benefits someone ∗ An action is bad if it harms someone – Utility: tendency of an object to produce happiness or pr ...
Ethics in Dentistry:
... even though these norms may be very general. We all agree at least that any of the norms that we hold apply to all people, or to all who are members of the moral community. We cannot arbitrarily exclude any of those we may not like, or who may not like us. The common morality applies to everyone. Th ...
... even though these norms may be very general. We all agree at least that any of the norms that we hold apply to all people, or to all who are members of the moral community. We cannot arbitrarily exclude any of those we may not like, or who may not like us. The common morality applies to everyone. Th ...
Kant`s moral theory has acquired the reputation of being forbiddingly
... her unhappiness. She will feel frustrated and upset whenever she thinks of what might have been, and that is her misfortune. But this way of explaining the misfortune seems to get things the wrong way around. It is not as though, by feeling unhappy, she has made an otherwise neutral situation into a ...
... her unhappiness. She will feel frustrated and upset whenever she thinks of what might have been, and that is her misfortune. But this way of explaining the misfortune seems to get things the wrong way around. It is not as though, by feeling unhappy, she has made an otherwise neutral situation into a ...
Utilitarianism in a Nutshell
... guide for one’s actions? According to John Stuart Mill, such rules, while in general appropriate to follow, cannot be used as an absolute guide in moral decision-making. There are many instances when lying, in fact, may be perfectly acceptable— for example, when telling the truth will subject an inn ...
... guide for one’s actions? According to John Stuart Mill, such rules, while in general appropriate to follow, cannot be used as an absolute guide in moral decision-making. There are many instances when lying, in fact, may be perfectly acceptable— for example, when telling the truth will subject an inn ...
2. the greatest happiness principle i utilitarianism
... that could serve as the basis of political reform. He proposed a number of projects designed to make penal policy more efficient and humane. One was the Panopticon, a prison with a central inspection tower that would enable the supervisor to observe the inmates without their seeing him. He suggested ...
... that could serve as the basis of political reform. He proposed a number of projects designed to make penal policy more efficient and humane. One was the Panopticon, a prison with a central inspection tower that would enable the supervisor to observe the inmates without their seeing him. He suggested ...
Chapter 3: How Can I Know What is Right?
... Ethical skeptics – doubt whether there is such a thing as moral truth Ethical relativists – deny that there are any ...
... Ethical skeptics – doubt whether there is such a thing as moral truth Ethical relativists – deny that there are any ...
Notes on Utilitarianism
... 5. So far, we’ve been talking about what’s called Act Utilitarianism (AU), because we’ve been speaking as though what makes an action right or wrong is the (reasonably expected) consequences of that action alone. But there are good reasons for Utilitarians not to be Act Utilitarians, chiefly becaus ...
... 5. So far, we’ve been talking about what’s called Act Utilitarianism (AU), because we’ve been speaking as though what makes an action right or wrong is the (reasonably expected) consequences of that action alone. But there are good reasons for Utilitarians not to be Act Utilitarians, chiefly becaus ...
Moral Philosophy and Business
... consistently willed to be universal law. By maxim, Kant meant the principle or rule that people formulate to determine their conduct. If a maxim could not be universally applied without contradiction then it would not pass the test of the categorical imperative, and hence could not lead to a moral a ...
... consistently willed to be universal law. By maxim, Kant meant the principle or rule that people formulate to determine their conduct. If a maxim could not be universally applied without contradiction then it would not pass the test of the categorical imperative, and hence could not lead to a moral a ...
Basics of Ethics CS 215 ©Denbigh Starkey
... opinions are inherently wrong, and that people who hold them should be persuaded that their views are wrong, even if they are strongly held. Issues like gay marriage, the war in Iraq, Terri Schiavo, abortion, and so on, tend to lead to strongly held views on both sides, where each side is intoleran ...
... opinions are inherently wrong, and that people who hold them should be persuaded that their views are wrong, even if they are strongly held. Issues like gay marriage, the war in Iraq, Terri Schiavo, abortion, and so on, tend to lead to strongly held views on both sides, where each side is intoleran ...
Utilitarianism
... that is the criterion of right action. For this reason, we should organise society and raise children in such a way that each person feels that their own happiness is bound up with the happiness of others, that they are made happy by making others happy. 4. Utilitarianism is a godless theory. Reply: ...
... that is the criterion of right action. For this reason, we should organise society and raise children in such a way that each person feels that their own happiness is bound up with the happiness of others, that they are made happy by making others happy. 4. Utilitarianism is a godless theory. Reply: ...
Utilitarianism
Utilitarianism is a theory in normative ethics holding that the best moral action is the one that maximizes utility. Utility is defined in various ways, but is usually related to the well-being of sentient entities. Classically, Jeremy Bentham, the founder of Utilitarianism, defined utility as the aggregate pleasure after deducting suffering of all involved in any action. John Stuart Mill expanded this concept of utility to include not only the quantity, but quality of pleasure, while focusing on rules, rather than individual moral actions. Others have rejected that pleasure has positive value and have advocated negative utilitarianism, which defines utility only in terms of suffering. In contrast to this hedonistic view, some define utility with relation to preference satisfaction whereas others believe that a range of values can be included in its definition.Utilitarianism is a form of consequentialism, which states that the consequences of any action are the only standard of right and wrong. This view can be contrasted or combined with virtue ethics which holds virtue as a moral good. Some believe that one's intentions are also ethically important. Utilitarianism is distinctly different from other forms of consequentialism such as egoism as it considers all interests equally. Proponents of utilitarianism have been split about whether individual acts should conform to utility (act utilitarianism) or whether agents should conform to ethical rules (rule utilitarianism). Utilitarians additionally remain split about whether utility should be calculated as an aggregate (total utilitarianism) or an average (average utilitarianism).Historically, hedonism can be traced back to Aristippus and Epicurus who viewed happiness as the only good. Bentham is, however, credited with founding utilitarianism when he wrote An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation. Since Bentham, prominent utilitarians have included John Stuart Mill, Henry Sidgwick, R.M. Hare and Peter Singer. The philosophy has been applied to modern issues including the suffering of non-human animals. Specifically, utilitarianism has been applied to the ethics of raising animals for food and the ethics of wild animal suffering. Effective altruism is a philosophy aimed at improving the world through evidence based means, which has been supported on utilitarian grounds.Opponents of utilitarianism have criticized it for many reasons. Some have said that utilitarianism ignores justice while others contend that utilitarianism is impractical. Specific criticisms have included the mere addition paradox and the utility monster. Others have said that pleasure is not commensurable across people with varying identities and thus the idea of aggregating utility is impossible.