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Transcript
ETH501 ETHICAL THEORIES HANDOUT DEONTOLOGY UTILITARIANISM ETHICAL EGOISM 1. “deon”: duty + “logos”: study, theory, account, principle 1. Utility principle: Through our actions we should strive to maximize pleasure/happiness and minimize pain/suffering for the most people (greatest happiness for the greatest number of people) 1. All our actions/choices are originally determined/motivated by self-interest 2. Non-consequentialism: Duties must be followed ‘regardless of the consequences of the action’ 3. Good Will: Looks at the intentions or motives behind the action rather than the outcomes (good-in-itself) 4. A choice is right if it conforms the moral norms that derive not from religion but from human reason/rational/reasoning capacity (which distinguishes human beings from other animals) > Think whether the action is good or right before acting 5. Categorical Imperative: Act only according to that maxim whereby you can, at the same time, will that it should become a universal law 6. Value-in-itself: Human life/reason must be valued not as a tool but in and for itself 2. Consequentialist theory focusing on the ends/outcomes of an action rather than the means or intentions behind the action > ethical decisions must be based on calculating the good in terms of the consequences of the action 3. The purpose of ethics is to make world a better place> The right action is the one that produces the most intrinsic good 4. Calculatesthe overall good and bad consequences the action or decision generates (looking at the number of people affected and the gravity of the pain suffered by the action) 5. Harm principle (Mill): I am free to do and say whatever I like as long as it does not harm other people in society 2. Being ethical is to put your own good/interest/benefit/concern above that of everyone else > If the action produces the best outcome for you (the agent/individual) then it is the right/good/ethical action 3. Consequentialist theory: While judging whether the action is/was good or bad, ethical egoism looks at the consequences enjoyed/suffered by the individual doing the action 4. Encourages greed as well as competition between people/companies/ political parties/institutions etc. 5. May lead to good or bad results (e.g. the successes and failures of the capitalist economies) 6. May lead to the increase in the quality of service as well as corruption/lack of social responsibility