PDF version - The Menlo Roundtable
... Gilligan goes on to discuss the harm of taking ethics out of the real world. She points to the story of Abraham, who was willing to sacrifice his own son’s life to demonstrate his faith in God. She agrees that morality is not something that can be defined by a set of rules. Gilligan, instead, says ...
... Gilligan goes on to discuss the harm of taking ethics out of the real world. She points to the story of Abraham, who was willing to sacrifice his own son’s life to demonstrate his faith in God. She agrees that morality is not something that can be defined by a set of rules. Gilligan, instead, says ...
Moral Enhancement - Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies
... causes of behavior allegedly undermines personal accountability But moral enhancement technologies make us even more responsible Did you take your pill? Using moral enhancement tech will be both motivated by social control and be an exercise in selfcontrol ...
... causes of behavior allegedly undermines personal accountability But moral enhancement technologies make us even more responsible Did you take your pill? Using moral enhancement tech will be both motivated by social control and be an exercise in selfcontrol ...
Chapter 2: Introduction to Ethics
... worth of an action depends solely on its consequences. – If the consequences are out of the control of the moral agent, an action that should have had a good effect may end up having a harmful effect. – In this case, the action is deemed to be wrong, even though it was no fault of the person perform ...
... worth of an action depends solely on its consequences. – If the consequences are out of the control of the moral agent, an action that should have had a good effect may end up having a harmful effect. – In this case, the action is deemed to be wrong, even though it was no fault of the person perform ...
Charity as a Moral Duty - DigitalCommons@Cedarville
... of inconvenience to correct a situation of extreme peril is the least we can do” (Smith, 1990, p.26). Donating money qualifies as a minor inconvenience for the average middle class American. It is clear that this sacrifice is minimal compared with the moral value of saving human lives, making it a d ...
... of inconvenience to correct a situation of extreme peril is the least we can do” (Smith, 1990, p.26). Donating money qualifies as a minor inconvenience for the average middle class American. It is clear that this sacrifice is minimal compared with the moral value of saving human lives, making it a d ...
virtue - PushMe Press
... performed in accordance with the appropriate excellence: if this is the case, human good turns out to be activity of soul in accordance with virtue, and if there is more than one virtue, in accordance with the best and most complete. But we must add 'in a complete life.' For one swallow does not mak ...
... performed in accordance with the appropriate excellence: if this is the case, human good turns out to be activity of soul in accordance with virtue, and if there is more than one virtue, in accordance with the best and most complete. But we must add 'in a complete life.' For one swallow does not mak ...
Introduction
... valid moral principles by looking at the nature of humanity and society (b) Three features of natural law theory 1. Human beings have an essential rational nature established by God, who designed us to live and flourish in prescribed ways (from Aristotle and the Stoics) 2. Even without knowledge of ...
... valid moral principles by looking at the nature of humanity and society (b) Three features of natural law theory 1. Human beings have an essential rational nature established by God, who designed us to live and flourish in prescribed ways (from Aristotle and the Stoics) 2. Even without knowledge of ...
Lesson 5 Kantian Ethics
... sake of duty, because it is the right thing to do, not because it will profit us psychologically, or economically, not because if we don’t do it and get caught we’ll be punished. The categorical imperative was Kant’s name for this inbred, self-imposed restraint, for the command of conscience within ...
... sake of duty, because it is the right thing to do, not because it will profit us psychologically, or economically, not because if we don’t do it and get caught we’ll be punished. The categorical imperative was Kant’s name for this inbred, self-imposed restraint, for the command of conscience within ...
DOC - A Level Philosophy
... (individually or as a culture) if they become more rational. This can happen in several different ways. First, people may come to know certain facts that they didn’t know before. In the case of slavery, people believed many things about slaves that were not true (one popular false belief was that th ...
... (individually or as a culture) if they become more rational. This can happen in several different ways. First, people may come to know certain facts that they didn’t know before. In the case of slavery, people believed many things about slaves that were not true (one popular false belief was that th ...
Ethics – Handout 8 Foot, “What Is Moral Relativism?”
... wouldn’t interpret our judgments of taste to be reports of people’s reactions, since (i) we don’t defend them by pointing to people’s reactions, (ii) we think we can make mistakes in our judgments of taste, and that others in our community can make mistakes, and (iii) we think we can show others who ...
... wouldn’t interpret our judgments of taste to be reports of people’s reactions, since (i) we don’t defend them by pointing to people’s reactions, (ii) we think we can make mistakes in our judgments of taste, and that others in our community can make mistakes, and (iii) we think we can show others who ...
Personal and Organizational Ethics
... • Each person has an equal right to the most basic liberties comparable with similar liberties for others • Social and economic inequalities are arranged so that they are both: a) reasonably expected to be to everyone’s advantage and b) attached to positions and offices open to all people ...
... • Each person has an equal right to the most basic liberties comparable with similar liberties for others • Social and economic inequalities are arranged so that they are both: a) reasonably expected to be to everyone’s advantage and b) attached to positions and offices open to all people ...
Chapter 2—Normative Theories of Ethics MULTIPLE CHOICE 1
... a. is best represented by Ross's theory of ethics. b. states that sometimes the consequences of our actions can be morally relevant. c. states that the moral rightness of an action is determined solely by its results. d. differs from nonconsequentialism because nonconsequentialism denies that conseq ...
... a. is best represented by Ross's theory of ethics. b. states that sometimes the consequences of our actions can be morally relevant. c. states that the moral rightness of an action is determined solely by its results. d. differs from nonconsequentialism because nonconsequentialism denies that conseq ...
When Soldiers Aren`t Heroes: An Essay
... not address this necessary element of moral life in all the possible traditions that have informed and shaped contemporary American culture (which would, in fact, be all those of the Western tradition). But I can simply note that Aristotelianism and other agent-oriented ethics — Christian ethics, de ...
... not address this necessary element of moral life in all the possible traditions that have informed and shaped contemporary American culture (which would, in fact, be all those of the Western tradition). But I can simply note that Aristotelianism and other agent-oriented ethics — Christian ethics, de ...
Introduction to Ethics Lecture 10 Ayer and Emotivism
... He thinks moral disagreements are reducible to factual disagreements. • When someone disagrees with a moral judgment we have made we attempt to show “that he is mistaken about the facts of the case. We argue that he has misconceived the agent’s motive: or that he has misjudged the effects of the act ...
... He thinks moral disagreements are reducible to factual disagreements. • When someone disagrees with a moral judgment we have made we attempt to show “that he is mistaken about the facts of the case. We argue that he has misconceived the agent’s motive: or that he has misjudged the effects of the act ...
Biology and Society Unit Three: Ethics Branches of Philosophy
... Optimization & Reproduction Condorcet's Obligation—“Men will know then that, if they have obligations towards beings who are yet to come into the world, they do not consist in giving to them existence only, but happiness as well.” from Sketch for an Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human M ...
... Optimization & Reproduction Condorcet's Obligation—“Men will know then that, if they have obligations towards beings who are yet to come into the world, they do not consist in giving to them existence only, but happiness as well.” from Sketch for an Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human M ...
Introduction to Ethics Lecture 10 Ayer and Emotivism
... false if it is either analytic or verifiable by sense experience (or at least if it is possible that it is verifiable by sense experience). – Ayer thought that since ethical propositions are neither analytic nor verifiable by sense experience that they are meaningless. ...
... false if it is either analytic or verifiable by sense experience (or at least if it is possible that it is verifiable by sense experience). – Ayer thought that since ethical propositions are neither analytic nor verifiable by sense experience that they are meaningless. ...
Servais Pinckaers: Returning to a Thomisitc Morality of Happiness
... spheres. He also has to answer his critics who argue that his approach is ultimately hedonistic.23 Yet, as Pinckaers knows, it is precisely the intention of Aquinas to make sense of the question about “the good life” in light of the Gospel and its corresponding precepts. Such an approach is far from ...
... spheres. He also has to answer his critics who argue that his approach is ultimately hedonistic.23 Yet, as Pinckaers knows, it is precisely the intention of Aquinas to make sense of the question about “the good life” in light of the Gospel and its corresponding precepts. Such an approach is far from ...
Does Morality Demand our Very Best? On Moral Prescriptions and the Line of Duty
... than was her duty (Wes Autrey, for example, said: “I don’t feel like I did something spectacular; I just saw someone who needed help. I did what I felt was right.”i). But these protestations are usually thought the result of humility overwhelming honesty; we do not take them at face value. The belie ...
... than was her duty (Wes Autrey, for example, said: “I don’t feel like I did something spectacular; I just saw someone who needed help. I did what I felt was right.”i). But these protestations are usually thought the result of humility overwhelming honesty; we do not take them at face value. The belie ...
FREE Sample Here - test bank and solution manual for
... Ethical formalism is a deontological system because the important determinant for judging whether an act is moral is not its consequence, but only the motive or intent of the actor. According to Kant, the only thing that is intrinsically good is a good will. Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) believed ...
... Ethical formalism is a deontological system because the important determinant for judging whether an act is moral is not its consequence, but only the motive or intent of the actor. According to Kant, the only thing that is intrinsically good is a good will. Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) believed ...
Minimal Ethics
... spontaneous convictions (whether it is hedonistic utilitarianism, the morality of categorical duty, or the ethics of virtue), the author varies the scenarios of the initial experiments in such a way as to lead us to express contradictory convictions. On one occasion we are utilitarian when, in a pi ...
... spontaneous convictions (whether it is hedonistic utilitarianism, the morality of categorical duty, or the ethics of virtue), the author varies the scenarios of the initial experiments in such a way as to lead us to express contradictory convictions. On one occasion we are utilitarian when, in a pi ...
Duty Ethics
... Virtue ethics focuses on the person that we would like to become. In virtue ethics, actions are considered right if they support good character traits. The words responsibility, honesty, competence, loyalty are of paramouth importance for virtue ethics. The opposite of virtue is vice (irresponsibili ...
... Virtue ethics focuses on the person that we would like to become. In virtue ethics, actions are considered right if they support good character traits. The words responsibility, honesty, competence, loyalty are of paramouth importance for virtue ethics. The opposite of virtue is vice (irresponsibili ...
Business Ethics Fundamentals
... view that there is no objective truth in morality, right and wrong are only matters of opinion that vary from culture to culture, and possibly, from person to person. ...
... view that there is no objective truth in morality, right and wrong are only matters of opinion that vary from culture to culture, and possibly, from person to person. ...
9 Deontology*
... is that we do this by reflecting on our intuitions about contrasting cases. (Ross 1930, chapter 2) Does, for example, having made a promise make a difference? Ross claims that no one would deny that, if we could give an equal amount of help to two people, the fact that I had made a promise to one of ...
... is that we do this by reflecting on our intuitions about contrasting cases. (Ross 1930, chapter 2) Does, for example, having made a promise make a difference? Ross claims that no one would deny that, if we could give an equal amount of help to two people, the fact that I had made a promise to one of ...
(Doesn`t) Make an Heroic Act?
... in a hero or a saint we see it taken far beyond what most people can – or could be expected to – achieve. Virtue theory, therefore, supplies us with a plausible explanation of how these actions can be morally valuable without being duties: their value lies in the character of the agent who performs ...
... in a hero or a saint we see it taken far beyond what most people can – or could be expected to – achieve. Virtue theory, therefore, supplies us with a plausible explanation of how these actions can be morally valuable without being duties: their value lies in the character of the agent who performs ...
Utilitarianism
Utilitarianism is a theory in normative ethics holding that the best moral action is the one that maximizes utility. Utility is defined in various ways, but is usually related to the well-being of sentient entities. Classically, Jeremy Bentham, the founder of Utilitarianism, defined utility as the aggregate pleasure after deducting suffering of all involved in any action. John Stuart Mill expanded this concept of utility to include not only the quantity, but quality of pleasure, while focusing on rules, rather than individual moral actions. Others have rejected that pleasure has positive value and have advocated negative utilitarianism, which defines utility only in terms of suffering. In contrast to this hedonistic view, some define utility with relation to preference satisfaction whereas others believe that a range of values can be included in its definition.Utilitarianism is a form of consequentialism, which states that the consequences of any action are the only standard of right and wrong. This view can be contrasted or combined with virtue ethics which holds virtue as a moral good. Some believe that one's intentions are also ethically important. Utilitarianism is distinctly different from other forms of consequentialism such as egoism as it considers all interests equally. Proponents of utilitarianism have been split about whether individual acts should conform to utility (act utilitarianism) or whether agents should conform to ethical rules (rule utilitarianism). Utilitarians additionally remain split about whether utility should be calculated as an aggregate (total utilitarianism) or an average (average utilitarianism).Historically, hedonism can be traced back to Aristippus and Epicurus who viewed happiness as the only good. Bentham is, however, credited with founding utilitarianism when he wrote An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation. Since Bentham, prominent utilitarians have included John Stuart Mill, Henry Sidgwick, R.M. Hare and Peter Singer. The philosophy has been applied to modern issues including the suffering of non-human animals. Specifically, utilitarianism has been applied to the ethics of raising animals for food and the ethics of wild animal suffering. Effective altruism is a philosophy aimed at improving the world through evidence based means, which has been supported on utilitarian grounds.Opponents of utilitarianism have criticized it for many reasons. Some have said that utilitarianism ignores justice while others contend that utilitarianism is impractical. Specific criticisms have included the mere addition paradox and the utility monster. Others have said that pleasure is not commensurable across people with varying identities and thus the idea of aggregating utility is impossible.