Introduction to Ethics Chapter 2
... • All consequences must be measured on a single scale. – All units must be the same in order to do the sum – In certain circumstances utilitarians must quantify the value of a human life ...
... • All consequences must be measured on a single scale. – All units must be the same in order to do the sum – In certain circumstances utilitarians must quantify the value of a human life ...
Good Will, Duty, and the Categorical Imperative
... • A good will is necessary to make sure that what Kant calls “gifts of fortune,” such as wealth and power, do not lead us astray as moral beings. • Even things which are thought to be “good in many respects,” such as “self-control and calm deliberation,” “have no intrinsic unconditional value, but a ...
... • A good will is necessary to make sure that what Kant calls “gifts of fortune,” such as wealth and power, do not lead us astray as moral beings. • Even things which are thought to be “good in many respects,” such as “self-control and calm deliberation,” “have no intrinsic unconditional value, but a ...
Euthanasia
... world the majority embrace a moral value which bans the use of euthanasia from being practiced. In the examples sometimes these religions are referenced as hard universalism, in ethics. ...
... world the majority embrace a moral value which bans the use of euthanasia from being practiced. In the examples sometimes these religions are referenced as hard universalism, in ethics. ...
Immanuel Kant
... been prevented. Whoever then tells a lie, however good his intentions may be, must answer for the consequences of it, even before the civil tribunal, and must pay the penalty for them, however unforeseen they may have been; because truthfulness is a duty that must be regarded as the basis of all dut ...
... been prevented. Whoever then tells a lie, however good his intentions may be, must answer for the consequences of it, even before the civil tribunal, and must pay the penalty for them, however unforeseen they may have been; because truthfulness is a duty that must be regarded as the basis of all dut ...
Moral Inquiry - Blackwell Publishing
... Confucian way of life. A comparison of two different religious traditions based on deontological theory would identify the key moral rules in each tradition and compare the patterns of action expected from believers who follow these rules. Deontological theories give less attention to consequences a ...
... Confucian way of life. A comparison of two different religious traditions based on deontological theory would identify the key moral rules in each tradition and compare the patterns of action expected from believers who follow these rules. Deontological theories give less attention to consequences a ...
Ch. 4: Deontology
... connection between individual rights and the nature of human beings? 2. Distinguish between wants and interests. Why is the distinction important? 3. According to I Kant, how can one determine if a ...
... connection between individual rights and the nature of human beings? 2. Distinguish between wants and interests. Why is the distinction important? 3. According to I Kant, how can one determine if a ...
View
... • Blurs distinction between doing what you think is right and doing what you want to do (Who are you to tell me what is right?) • Makes no moral distinction between the actions of different people (Hitler vs Mother Teresa) • SR and tolerance are two different things – (choosing to act only with your ...
... • Blurs distinction between doing what you think is right and doing what you want to do (Who are you to tell me what is right?) • Makes no moral distinction between the actions of different people (Hitler vs Mother Teresa) • SR and tolerance are two different things – (choosing to act only with your ...
The Intercultural Ethics Agenda from an Objectivist Point of View
... Indeed, given our concepts, everyone could be mistaken about the shape of the world, which is the hallmark of objectivity. ...
... Indeed, given our concepts, everyone could be mistaken about the shape of the world, which is the hallmark of objectivity. ...
Slide 1 - Faculty Personal Homepage
... removed so that the project would not be delayed. The continued use of the equipment led to the death of a worker on a tunnel project. ...
... removed so that the project would not be delayed. The continued use of the equipment led to the death of a worker on a tunnel project. ...
What is Ethical Relativism?
... to do, especially in the context of a dilemma, our judgment seems to be very subjective, a matter of personal opinion. There seems to be no decisive way to settle many moral disputes, in contrast with factual disputes. Relativism based on epistemic uncertainty and/or skepticism. In sum, the fact tha ...
... to do, especially in the context of a dilemma, our judgment seems to be very subjective, a matter of personal opinion. There seems to be no decisive way to settle many moral disputes, in contrast with factual disputes. Relativism based on epistemic uncertainty and/or skepticism. In sum, the fact tha ...
Sir William David Ross: (1877
... referring to the characteristic (quite distinct from that of being a duty proper) which an act has, in virtue of being of a certain kind (e.g., the keeping of a promise), of being an act which would be a duty proper if it were not at the same time of another kind which is morally significant… [there ...
... referring to the characteristic (quite distinct from that of being a duty proper) which an act has, in virtue of being of a certain kind (e.g., the keeping of a promise), of being an act which would be a duty proper if it were not at the same time of another kind which is morally significant… [there ...
On acts, omissions and responsibility
... refrain from killing, but that we can also be morally obliged to kill (or, at least, we are not morally obliged to refrain from doing it after all). The only way to overcome this is to treat the principle ‘‘do not kill’’ as a general rule, but concede that it permits of exceptions. There are good re ...
... refrain from killing, but that we can also be morally obliged to kill (or, at least, we are not morally obliged to refrain from doing it after all). The only way to overcome this is to treat the principle ‘‘do not kill’’ as a general rule, but concede that it permits of exceptions. There are good re ...
Is Procreative Beneficence Obligatory?
... are justified in not complying with this significant moral reason only if ...
... are justified in not complying with this significant moral reason only if ...
Mill`s `harm principle`
... any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others. His own good, either physical or moral, is not a sufficient warrant.’ (68) We may still argue, entreat, and remonstrate with people who seem bent on doing themselves harm (as we judge it) or are simply acting in a w ...
... any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others. His own good, either physical or moral, is not a sufficient warrant.’ (68) We may still argue, entreat, and remonstrate with people who seem bent on doing themselves harm (as we judge it) or are simply acting in a w ...
boss1_ppt_ch_09
... Moral universalists maintain that there are universal moral principles that apply to all. Most philosophers accept this principle. The following slides examine four different universal moral theories; utilitarianism (consequence-based ethics), deontology (duty-based ethics), rights-based ethics, and ...
... Moral universalists maintain that there are universal moral principles that apply to all. Most philosophers accept this principle. The following slides examine four different universal moral theories; utilitarianism (consequence-based ethics), deontology (duty-based ethics), rights-based ethics, and ...
Business Environment
... Making decisions under stress or dealing with complex issues that have no clear indication of what is right or wrong. There are NO simple ethical dilemmas… all have layers of meaning and effect. ...
... Making decisions under stress or dealing with complex issues that have no clear indication of what is right or wrong. There are NO simple ethical dilemmas… all have layers of meaning and effect. ...
CHAPTER 1 - WHAT IS MORALITY
... conclusions based on those observations. Psychologists, for example, have claimed that human beings are basically selfish based on observations of conduct. This approach is descriptive in that it is ‘value-free’ making no judgments about the rightness or wrongness of the behavior. 2. A second approa ...
... conclusions based on those observations. Psychologists, for example, have claimed that human beings are basically selfish based on observations of conduct. This approach is descriptive in that it is ‘value-free’ making no judgments about the rightness or wrongness of the behavior. 2. A second approa ...
Ethical Relativism 2 Kinds of Relativism: ethical relativism and social
... thinks is right, or (b) whatever a society accepts is right. It is normative rather than descriptive in the sense that it is a theory about how we ought to behave. We all ought to do either (a) whatever each of us thinks is right, or (b) whatever our society thinks is right. I have a moral obligatio ...
... thinks is right, or (b) whatever a society accepts is right. It is normative rather than descriptive in the sense that it is a theory about how we ought to behave. We all ought to do either (a) whatever each of us thinks is right, or (b) whatever our society thinks is right. I have a moral obligatio ...
Ethics
... Introduction to Ethics I. What is ethics? -- Reconceptualization and characteristication of Ethics A. Original Meaning The Greek designation: "Ethics" (--custom, habit) The Latin designation: "Moral" (Mores) "Ethics" and "Moral Philosophy" are used as synonymous, etymologically ...
... Introduction to Ethics I. What is ethics? -- Reconceptualization and characteristication of Ethics A. Original Meaning The Greek designation: "Ethics" (--custom, habit) The Latin designation: "Moral" (Mores) "Ethics" and "Moral Philosophy" are used as synonymous, etymologically ...
What is morality and how does it work
... hereby sell my soul, after my death, to ___SCOTT MURPHY______, for the sum of _____. ...
... hereby sell my soul, after my death, to ___SCOTT MURPHY______, for the sum of _____. ...
ethics and governance
... Deontological Theories – Kantian Ethics According to Deontological theories, though the consequences of an act is good, some acts are always wrong. In deontological theories actions are judged as ethical or unethical based on duty or intentions of an actor. This theory includes duty without regard t ...
... Deontological Theories – Kantian Ethics According to Deontological theories, though the consequences of an act is good, some acts are always wrong. In deontological theories actions are judged as ethical or unethical based on duty or intentions of an actor. This theory includes duty without regard t ...
IMMANUEL KANT AND THE CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVE
... be "binding" and "universal." After all there would be something wrong with the idea suggesting "murder is wrong" if it only applied to person Q and not person R. Indeed, Kant himself states: I am never to act otherwise than so that I could also will that my maxim should become universal law. Here, ...
... be "binding" and "universal." After all there would be something wrong with the idea suggesting "murder is wrong" if it only applied to person Q and not person R. Indeed, Kant himself states: I am never to act otherwise than so that I could also will that my maxim should become universal law. Here, ...
Introduction
... valid moral principles by looking at the nature of humanity and society (b) Three features of natural law theory 1. Human beings have an essential rational nature established by God, who designed us to live and flourish in prescribed ways (from Aristotle and the Stoics) 2. Even without knowledge of ...
... valid moral principles by looking at the nature of humanity and society (b) Three features of natural law theory 1. Human beings have an essential rational nature established by God, who designed us to live and flourish in prescribed ways (from Aristotle and the Stoics) 2. Even without knowledge of ...
Virtue Ethics show
... • Susan Wolf – become a virtuous person is an unattractive prospect because they are likely to become boring! There is no room for hobbies, flamboyant characters, etc…The virtues themselves should be practiced in moderation Reply: Louis Pojman dullness is a price worth paying for saintliness. ...
... • Susan Wolf – become a virtuous person is an unattractive prospect because they are likely to become boring! There is no room for hobbies, flamboyant characters, etc…The virtues themselves should be practiced in moderation Reply: Louis Pojman dullness is a price worth paying for saintliness. ...
Utilitarianism
Utilitarianism is a theory in normative ethics holding that the best moral action is the one that maximizes utility. Utility is defined in various ways, but is usually related to the well-being of sentient entities. Classically, Jeremy Bentham, the founder of Utilitarianism, defined utility as the aggregate pleasure after deducting suffering of all involved in any action. John Stuart Mill expanded this concept of utility to include not only the quantity, but quality of pleasure, while focusing on rules, rather than individual moral actions. Others have rejected that pleasure has positive value and have advocated negative utilitarianism, which defines utility only in terms of suffering. In contrast to this hedonistic view, some define utility with relation to preference satisfaction whereas others believe that a range of values can be included in its definition.Utilitarianism is a form of consequentialism, which states that the consequences of any action are the only standard of right and wrong. This view can be contrasted or combined with virtue ethics which holds virtue as a moral good. Some believe that one's intentions are also ethically important. Utilitarianism is distinctly different from other forms of consequentialism such as egoism as it considers all interests equally. Proponents of utilitarianism have been split about whether individual acts should conform to utility (act utilitarianism) or whether agents should conform to ethical rules (rule utilitarianism). Utilitarians additionally remain split about whether utility should be calculated as an aggregate (total utilitarianism) or an average (average utilitarianism).Historically, hedonism can be traced back to Aristippus and Epicurus who viewed happiness as the only good. Bentham is, however, credited with founding utilitarianism when he wrote An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation. Since Bentham, prominent utilitarians have included John Stuart Mill, Henry Sidgwick, R.M. Hare and Peter Singer. The philosophy has been applied to modern issues including the suffering of non-human animals. Specifically, utilitarianism has been applied to the ethics of raising animals for food and the ethics of wild animal suffering. Effective altruism is a philosophy aimed at improving the world through evidence based means, which has been supported on utilitarian grounds.Opponents of utilitarianism have criticized it for many reasons. Some have said that utilitarianism ignores justice while others contend that utilitarianism is impractical. Specific criticisms have included the mere addition paradox and the utility monster. Others have said that pleasure is not commensurable across people with varying identities and thus the idea of aggregating utility is impossible.