幻灯片 1
... In the case, Mr. Hogg is demonstrating a deontological position on child labor by saying that it is ‘always’ wrong. He is adopting an absolutist stance in arguing that there are no situations in which child labor might be ethically acceptable. The deontological view is that an act is right or wrong ...
... In the case, Mr. Hogg is demonstrating a deontological position on child labor by saying that it is ‘always’ wrong. He is adopting an absolutist stance in arguing that there are no situations in which child labor might be ethically acceptable. The deontological view is that an act is right or wrong ...
File - Ethics and Society
... Criticisms of Kant’s ethics Kantian ethics has also been criticized for being too rigid (僵化). For Kant, moral laws are absolute commands of reason (理性的絕對指令). In other words, they must be upheld (堅 持) at all times. If reason tells that we have a duty to do something, we ought to do it no matter ...
... Criticisms of Kant’s ethics Kantian ethics has also been criticized for being too rigid (僵化). For Kant, moral laws are absolute commands of reason (理性的絕對指令). In other words, they must be upheld (堅 持) at all times. If reason tells that we have a duty to do something, we ought to do it no matter ...
252505subjectivism_000
... hear and breathe, and [we] never know any reason why the [morals] are what they are. The justification of them is that when we wake to consciousness of life we find the facts which already hold us in the bonds of tradition, custom and habit.” ...
... hear and breathe, and [we] never know any reason why the [morals] are what they are. The justification of them is that when we wake to consciousness of life we find the facts which already hold us in the bonds of tradition, custom and habit.” ...
Morals
... • Animals members of our community • If we treat them badly we display wrong character traits • Gives us no method for arguing for moral considerability or establishing moral significance ...
... • Animals members of our community • If we treat them badly we display wrong character traits • Gives us no method for arguing for moral considerability or establishing moral significance ...
Meta-Ethics - Este blog no existe
... the administration and government of a society and to act over them using power and authority, it also consists in analyzing critically ideological principles from an ethical point of view. ...
... the administration and government of a society and to act over them using power and authority, it also consists in analyzing critically ideological principles from an ethical point of view. ...
12-7
... Core Idea: We can use our reason to discern that some actions are wrong based on the nature of the action and apart from its practical consequences ...
... Core Idea: We can use our reason to discern that some actions are wrong based on the nature of the action and apart from its practical consequences ...
Introduction to Ethics - ACFE San Diego Chapter
... ethics based on critical thinking • Socrates: real moral knowledge existed and could be discovered through argument and debate • Plato: real moral knowledge existed, but it could only be discovered by a few “experts” • Aristotle: ethics could be determined by ordinary practical ...
... ethics based on critical thinking • Socrates: real moral knowledge existed and could be discovered through argument and debate • Plato: real moral knowledge existed, but it could only be discovered by a few “experts” • Aristotle: ethics could be determined by ordinary practical ...
Moral Consciousness and Communicative Action
... in a rational and cognitive way 5. - the existence of some universal claims and therefore the importance of universal norms; ...
... in a rational and cognitive way 5. - the existence of some universal claims and therefore the importance of universal norms; ...
abortion - Quodvultdeus
... Kant was totally opposed to taking the consequences of an action into account. The end does not in any way justify the means according to his deontological (duty-based) theory. Any good consequences from a moral act, for Kant, had to be purely incidental to the moral action and ought to have no plac ...
... Kant was totally opposed to taking the consequences of an action into account. The end does not in any way justify the means according to his deontological (duty-based) theory. Any good consequences from a moral act, for Kant, had to be purely incidental to the moral action and ought to have no plac ...
Meta-Ethics
... issues but moral philosophy itself Often referred to as a second order theory Reflects on the more fundamental aspects of morality Meta ethical questions fall into 3 categories: meta-physical, epistemological and linguistic ...
... issues but moral philosophy itself Often referred to as a second order theory Reflects on the more fundamental aspects of morality Meta ethical questions fall into 3 categories: meta-physical, epistemological and linguistic ...
Pojman against Relativism
... the conclusion Pojman will need to defeat at least one of the premises. P1 is simply a statement of fact, and thus hard to overcome. Thus the weaker premise is P2. The strength of P2 resides in the nature of the dependency implied by the premise, i.e. what ...
... the conclusion Pojman will need to defeat at least one of the premises. P1 is simply a statement of fact, and thus hard to overcome. Thus the weaker premise is P2. The strength of P2 resides in the nature of the dependency implied by the premise, i.e. what ...
Humanist Discussion Group
... thoughts you will have. Send them to Al Veilleux ([email protected]), Dan Thompson ([email protected]), or Jerry Lusa ([email protected] ). ...
... thoughts you will have. Send them to Al Veilleux ([email protected]), Dan Thompson ([email protected]), or Jerry Lusa ([email protected] ). ...
Kant, first set of notes, Fall 2014
... -- but if someone does not have a desire to help others, if in fact this gives them pain, but they do it anyway…then we can more easily see that they’re acting from the motive of duty (so long as there isn’t some other motive for why they’re doing it!) 4. Does this mean acting merely in conformity t ...
... -- but if someone does not have a desire to help others, if in fact this gives them pain, but they do it anyway…then we can more easily see that they’re acting from the motive of duty (so long as there isn’t some other motive for why they’re doing it!) 4. Does this mean acting merely in conformity t ...
Virtue Ethics
... Any society in the world can follow virtue ethics. They just need to work out what is important to them and what virtues they value. ...
... Any society in the world can follow virtue ethics. They just need to work out what is important to them and what virtues they value. ...
Bibliography - Mark R. Lindner
... 1. Justice, for Plato, consisted of a sort of harmony. Justice is the proper and harmonious interoperation of the three classes of people within a city, or in the case of the individual, of the three parts of the soul. According to Plato, the soul consisted of the desiring, or appetitive, part; the ...
... 1. Justice, for Plato, consisted of a sort of harmony. Justice is the proper and harmonious interoperation of the three classes of people within a city, or in the case of the individual, of the three parts of the soul. According to Plato, the soul consisted of the desiring, or appetitive, part; the ...
Chapter 3 – Nonconsequentialist Theories of Morality
... One should obey absolute rules out of a sense of duty not inclination. Someone who is only inclined to be generous –rather than generous out of duty- is not fully moral. Summary and Illustration Absolute moral rules are established with certainty by reason and one should obey these rules out of a se ...
... One should obey absolute rules out of a sense of duty not inclination. Someone who is only inclined to be generous –rather than generous out of duty- is not fully moral. Summary and Illustration Absolute moral rules are established with certainty by reason and one should obey these rules out of a se ...
Why Ethics?
... • Human conduct cannot be reduced to rules • Rules have their purpose, but they date and they must be tempered by judgment • Rules cannot cover all contingencies ...
... • Human conduct cannot be reduced to rules • Rules have their purpose, but they date and they must be tempered by judgment • Rules cannot cover all contingencies ...
Lecture 25: Kantian moral theory
... it should become a universal law The categorical imperative is a test for rightness or wrongness of an action A categorical imperative is an absolute and universal moral ought We are obligated to obey the categorical imperative because of our nature as rational beings ...
... it should become a universal law The categorical imperative is a test for rightness or wrongness of an action A categorical imperative is an absolute and universal moral ought We are obligated to obey the categorical imperative because of our nature as rational beings ...
Aristotle
... such because it is the sort of thing able to hit the mean in feelings and actions. This is why it is hard to be good, because in each case it is hard to find the middle point; for instance, not everyone can find the center of a circle, but only the person with knowledge. So too anyone can get angry, ...
... such because it is the sort of thing able to hit the mean in feelings and actions. This is why it is hard to be good, because in each case it is hard to find the middle point; for instance, not everyone can find the center of a circle, but only the person with knowledge. So too anyone can get angry, ...
Psychological Egoism - David Kelsey`s Philosophy Home Page
... • We know that: pleasure is the usual accompaniment of actions • We are mistakenly inferring that: when acting what the agent always and only wants is his own pleasure. • “The immediate inference from even constant accompaniment to purpose (or motive) is always a non sequitur.” (7) ...
... • We know that: pleasure is the usual accompaniment of actions • We are mistakenly inferring that: when acting what the agent always and only wants is his own pleasure. • “The immediate inference from even constant accompaniment to purpose (or motive) is always a non sequitur.” (7) ...
`Virtue ethics lacks a decision-procedure to help us make moral
... and practice to achieve the harmony between reason and passion, and like Buddhism, this approach is to take a person to a higher plane that is beyond temptation to consistently achieve virtue. A society made up of citizens with strong moral character achieved with practice is intrinsically stronger ...
... and practice to achieve the harmony between reason and passion, and like Buddhism, this approach is to take a person to a higher plane that is beyond temptation to consistently achieve virtue. A society made up of citizens with strong moral character achieved with practice is intrinsically stronger ...
Chapter 7 - Cengage Learning
... Business and Society: Ethics and Stakeholder Management, 6e • Carroll & Buchholtz Copyright ©2006 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved ...
... Business and Society: Ethics and Stakeholder Management, 6e • Carroll & Buchholtz Copyright ©2006 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved ...
Slide 1
... Which of these acts follow principles that could be universalized, and which depend on people’s desire for certain consequences? ...
... Which of these acts follow principles that could be universalized, and which depend on people’s desire for certain consequences? ...
Powerpoint - John Provost
... According to the one vote per person rule, the greatest happiness of the greater number might very well lead to the lowest common denominator. John Stuart Mill came to the conclusion that some pleasures are more desirable and more valuable than others, and only those who have knowledge of both will ...
... According to the one vote per person rule, the greatest happiness of the greater number might very well lead to the lowest common denominator. John Stuart Mill came to the conclusion that some pleasures are more desirable and more valuable than others, and only those who have knowledge of both will ...
Utilitarianism
Utilitarianism is a theory in normative ethics holding that the best moral action is the one that maximizes utility. Utility is defined in various ways, but is usually related to the well-being of sentient entities. Classically, Jeremy Bentham, the founder of Utilitarianism, defined utility as the aggregate pleasure after deducting suffering of all involved in any action. John Stuart Mill expanded this concept of utility to include not only the quantity, but quality of pleasure, while focusing on rules, rather than individual moral actions. Others have rejected that pleasure has positive value and have advocated negative utilitarianism, which defines utility only in terms of suffering. In contrast to this hedonistic view, some define utility with relation to preference satisfaction whereas others believe that a range of values can be included in its definition.Utilitarianism is a form of consequentialism, which states that the consequences of any action are the only standard of right and wrong. This view can be contrasted or combined with virtue ethics which holds virtue as a moral good. Some believe that one's intentions are also ethically important. Utilitarianism is distinctly different from other forms of consequentialism such as egoism as it considers all interests equally. Proponents of utilitarianism have been split about whether individual acts should conform to utility (act utilitarianism) or whether agents should conform to ethical rules (rule utilitarianism). Utilitarians additionally remain split about whether utility should be calculated as an aggregate (total utilitarianism) or an average (average utilitarianism).Historically, hedonism can be traced back to Aristippus and Epicurus who viewed happiness as the only good. Bentham is, however, credited with founding utilitarianism when he wrote An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation. Since Bentham, prominent utilitarians have included John Stuart Mill, Henry Sidgwick, R.M. Hare and Peter Singer. The philosophy has been applied to modern issues including the suffering of non-human animals. Specifically, utilitarianism has been applied to the ethics of raising animals for food and the ethics of wild animal suffering. Effective altruism is a philosophy aimed at improving the world through evidence based means, which has been supported on utilitarian grounds.Opponents of utilitarianism have criticized it for many reasons. Some have said that utilitarianism ignores justice while others contend that utilitarianism is impractical. Specific criticisms have included the mere addition paradox and the utility monster. Others have said that pleasure is not commensurable across people with varying identities and thus the idea of aggregating utility is impossible.