Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle-Dependent Regulation of Staphylococcus
... and used according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Determination of NADⴙ, NADH, and ATP concentrations. Intracellular NAD⫹ and NADH concentrations were determined with an enzymatic cycling assay kit (Biovision). Briefly, aliquots (5 to 20 ml) were harvested at 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 h by centrifugation a ...
... and used according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Determination of NADⴙ, NADH, and ATP concentrations. Intracellular NAD⫹ and NADH concentrations were determined with an enzymatic cycling assay kit (Biovision). Briefly, aliquots (5 to 20 ml) were harvested at 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 h by centrifugation a ...
Chapter 1 Introduction to Forensic Chemistry
... Precipitation reactions begin with reagents dissolved in solution and produce a solid as a product. Combustion reactions involve the reaction of a substance with oxygen (often with applied heat); carbon-containing compounds then produce carbon dioxide and hydrogen-containing compounds then produce w ...
... Precipitation reactions begin with reagents dissolved in solution and produce a solid as a product. Combustion reactions involve the reaction of a substance with oxygen (often with applied heat); carbon-containing compounds then produce carbon dioxide and hydrogen-containing compounds then produce w ...
Principles of Metabolic Regulation
... require energy for extended periods of time. For example, ducks generally fly several thousand miles during their annual migration. The flight muscles of migratory birds have a high oxidative capacity and obtain the necessary ATP through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA (obtained from fats) via the citri ...
... require energy for extended periods of time. For example, ducks generally fly several thousand miles during their annual migration. The flight muscles of migratory birds have a high oxidative capacity and obtain the necessary ATP through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA (obtained from fats) via the citri ...
Fig. 3 - FEMS Microbiology Letters
... led to the suggestion that antibiotic therapy may contribute to the loss of this organism from the colonic microbiota. Studies in animals and human volunteers have indicated that, when administered therapeutically, O. formigenes can establish in the gut and reduce the urinary oxalate concentration f ...
... led to the suggestion that antibiotic therapy may contribute to the loss of this organism from the colonic microbiota. Studies in animals and human volunteers have indicated that, when administered therapeutically, O. formigenes can establish in the gut and reduce the urinary oxalate concentration f ...
David Rittenberg - National Academy of Sciences
... was instead assigned to H. T. Clarke, chair of the Department of Biochemistry at P&S to promote biological uses of 2H. At that time one interest of Clarke’s was the possibility of demonstrating optical activity for a compound, Cab1H2H. Clarke also suggested to Rittenberg a “roving commission” to tal ...
... was instead assigned to H. T. Clarke, chair of the Department of Biochemistry at P&S to promote biological uses of 2H. At that time one interest of Clarke’s was the possibility of demonstrating optical activity for a compound, Cab1H2H. Clarke also suggested to Rittenberg a “roving commission” to tal ...
Microsoft Word
... Measurement of respiration and ATP synthesis/hydrolysis activities in whole mitochondria. For these assays, mitochondria were prepared by the enzymatic method of (Guerin et al., 1979). The rates of ATP synthesis were determined as described in (Rak et al., 2007a). For respiration ATP synthesis and t ...
... Measurement of respiration and ATP synthesis/hydrolysis activities in whole mitochondria. For these assays, mitochondria were prepared by the enzymatic method of (Guerin et al., 1979). The rates of ATP synthesis were determined as described in (Rak et al., 2007a). For respiration ATP synthesis and t ...
enjoy chemistry
... explained on the basis of their atomicity; oxygen exists as diatomic molecule (O2) whereas sulphur exists as polyatomic molecule (S8). (v) SF6 is known but SH6 is not known. Ans: Because of very high electronegativity if fluorine , sulphur exhibits its maximum oxidation stateof +6 in SF6. SH6 is not ...
... explained on the basis of their atomicity; oxygen exists as diatomic molecule (O2) whereas sulphur exists as polyatomic molecule (S8). (v) SF6 is known but SH6 is not known. Ans: Because of very high electronegativity if fluorine , sulphur exhibits its maximum oxidation stateof +6 in SF6. SH6 is not ...
Penicillium chrysogenum
... Growth responses of the mutants. The four mutant classes (Cove, 1976a, b) were as follows. (1) nia mutants: these showed very sparse growth on nitrate, similar to that on medium without added nitrogen sources. The degree of chlorate resistance varied from mutant to mutant, some being weaker than oth ...
... Growth responses of the mutants. The four mutant classes (Cove, 1976a, b) were as follows. (1) nia mutants: these showed very sparse growth on nitrate, similar to that on medium without added nitrogen sources. The degree of chlorate resistance varied from mutant to mutant, some being weaker than oth ...
32_Metabolism of ammonia. Biosynthesis of urea and its disorders
... A. The binding of ammonia in the synthesis of glutamate causes an outflow of α-ketoglutarate from the tricarboxylic acid cycle, with decreased formation of ATP energy and deteriorates the activity of cells. B. Ammonium ions NH4 + caused alkalization of blood plasma. This increases the affinity of he ...
... A. The binding of ammonia in the synthesis of glutamate causes an outflow of α-ketoglutarate from the tricarboxylic acid cycle, with decreased formation of ATP energy and deteriorates the activity of cells. B. Ammonium ions NH4 + caused alkalization of blood plasma. This increases the affinity of he ...
Clinical Application of Blood Ammonia Determinations
... Disorders of Ornithine Metabolism Lysinuric protein intolerance results from a defect in the transport of dibasic amino acids in the intestine, kidney and other tissues. 31,32 Poor a b s o r p t i o n , i n creased excretion and poor cellular uptake of ornithine and arginine lead to hyperammonemia b ...
... Disorders of Ornithine Metabolism Lysinuric protein intolerance results from a defect in the transport of dibasic amino acids in the intestine, kidney and other tissues. 31,32 Poor a b s o r p t i o n , i n creased excretion and poor cellular uptake of ornithine and arginine lead to hyperammonemia b ...
1. Introduction to Natural Products Chemistry
... 7. Because these compounds are produced by specific enzymes and precursors, it can be assumed that they are produced in specific parts or organelles of the plant. 8. Secondary metabolites are probably in a state of dynamic flux, being produced and broken down constantly. Some compounds, however, may ...
... 7. Because these compounds are produced by specific enzymes and precursors, it can be assumed that they are produced in specific parts or organelles of the plant. 8. Secondary metabolites are probably in a state of dynamic flux, being produced and broken down constantly. Some compounds, however, may ...
41 Purine and Pyrimidine Metabolism
... synthesis is regulated at the first committed step, which is the synthesis of cytoplasmic carbamoyl-phosphate, by the enzyme carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II (CPS-II). Purines, when degraded, cannot generate energy, nor can the purine ring be substantially modified. The end product of purine ring d ...
... synthesis is regulated at the first committed step, which is the synthesis of cytoplasmic carbamoyl-phosphate, by the enzyme carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II (CPS-II). Purines, when degraded, cannot generate energy, nor can the purine ring be substantially modified. The end product of purine ring d ...
Full-Text PDF
... Most commonly used cyanobacterial models (Table 1) are Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942, Synechocystis PCC 6803, Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002, and Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 (hereafter referred to as PCC 7942, PCC 6803, PCC 7002, and PCC 7120, respectively). The genomes of these model cyanobacteria have be ...
... Most commonly used cyanobacterial models (Table 1) are Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942, Synechocystis PCC 6803, Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002, and Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 (hereafter referred to as PCC 7942, PCC 6803, PCC 7002, and PCC 7120, respectively). The genomes of these model cyanobacteria have be ...
Exploring Yeast as a Cell Factory for the Production of Carboxylic
... potential as a producer of biopolymers and carboxylic acids, compounds that have a higher market value than, for example, ethanol. Importantly, the studies focused on the utilization of xylose, which is the second most abundant sugar in nature, after glucose. Since S. cerevisiae cannot utilize this ...
... potential as a producer of biopolymers and carboxylic acids, compounds that have a higher market value than, for example, ethanol. Importantly, the studies focused on the utilization of xylose, which is the second most abundant sugar in nature, after glucose. Since S. cerevisiae cannot utilize this ...
Being right on Q: shaping eukaryotic evolution
... formation is not a peripheral bacterial phenomenon anymore: it now occurs in the middle of the new organism. Secondly, alternatively using different catabolic substrates, as described above, gave rise to more ROS formation [5,6]. Why should this be so? Relative amounts of the intermediates FADH2 and ...
... formation is not a peripheral bacterial phenomenon anymore: it now occurs in the middle of the new organism. Secondly, alternatively using different catabolic substrates, as described above, gave rise to more ROS formation [5,6]. Why should this be so? Relative amounts of the intermediates FADH2 and ...
Specialised training
... (ii) Why is altitude training not always as effective as it should be? (3 marks) (ii) 1. Reduced pO2 – unable to train as hard as previously/at sea level; 2. Altitude sickness/quicker to exhaustion/dehydration; 3. Loss of fitness while at altitude; 4. Therefore aerobic performance deteriorates; 5. N ...
... (ii) Why is altitude training not always as effective as it should be? (3 marks) (ii) 1. Reduced pO2 – unable to train as hard as previously/at sea level; 2. Altitude sickness/quicker to exhaustion/dehydration; 3. Loss of fitness while at altitude; 4. Therefore aerobic performance deteriorates; 5. N ...
Effects of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids on
... The activity of COX was measured using the CYTOCOX1 kit from Sigma-Aldrich. As COX is only found on the inner mitochondrial membrane, its activity can be used as an indicator of inner mitochondrial membrane surface area (Leary et al., 2003). The colorimetric assay is based on the decrease in absorba ...
... The activity of COX was measured using the CYTOCOX1 kit from Sigma-Aldrich. As COX is only found on the inner mitochondrial membrane, its activity can be used as an indicator of inner mitochondrial membrane surface area (Leary et al., 2003). The colorimetric assay is based on the decrease in absorba ...
Objectives 30 - u.arizona.edu
... In cyctoplasm it is cleaved by citrate lyase(CL) producing acetyl CoA for lipogenesis & oxalacetate as products ...
... In cyctoplasm it is cleaved by citrate lyase(CL) producing acetyl CoA for lipogenesis & oxalacetate as products ...
The Biochemistry of Malic Acid Metabolism by Wine Yeasts
... as the electron acceptor. The equilibrium of this reaction is in the direction of malate oxidation, favoured by the continued consumption of oxaloacetate in the TCA cycle. Both fumarase and malate dehydrogenase are regulated by the substrate concentration and the requirement for either the reductive ...
... as the electron acceptor. The equilibrium of this reaction is in the direction of malate oxidation, favoured by the continued consumption of oxaloacetate in the TCA cycle. Both fumarase and malate dehydrogenase are regulated by the substrate concentration and the requirement for either the reductive ...
16.6 Reduction of Aldehydes and Ketones
... 16.1 The Carbonyl Group • Aldehydes and ketones have similar properties because their carbonyl groups are bonded to carbon and hydrogen atoms that do not attract electrons strongly. – Aldehyde A compound that has a carbonyl group bonded to at least one hydrogen, RCHO. Always ends a carbon chain. – ...
... 16.1 The Carbonyl Group • Aldehydes and ketones have similar properties because their carbonyl groups are bonded to carbon and hydrogen atoms that do not attract electrons strongly. – Aldehyde A compound that has a carbonyl group bonded to at least one hydrogen, RCHO. Always ends a carbon chain. – ...
7vВyВtvphy hБq purАvphy АrpuhБvЖАЖ Вs ЕrqИpЗvЙr
... basic chemicals (Schönberger and Kaps 1994). Azo dyes are used to a great extent in textile finishing, and have become of concern in wastewater treatment because of their color, biorecalcitrance, and potential toxicity to animals and humans (Levine 1991). Thus the wastewater with azo dyes must be de ...
... basic chemicals (Schönberger and Kaps 1994). Azo dyes are used to a great extent in textile finishing, and have become of concern in wastewater treatment because of their color, biorecalcitrance, and potential toxicity to animals and humans (Levine 1991). Thus the wastewater with azo dyes must be de ...
Document
... • Transport of fatty acids into mitochondria • Beta-Oxidation proper in the mitochondrial matrix • Fatty acids are oxidized by most of the tissues in the body. • Brain, erythrocytes and adrenal medulla cannot utilize fatty acids for energy requirement. ...
... • Transport of fatty acids into mitochondria • Beta-Oxidation proper in the mitochondrial matrix • Fatty acids are oxidized by most of the tissues in the body. • Brain, erythrocytes and adrenal medulla cannot utilize fatty acids for energy requirement. ...
Microbial metabolism
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe’s ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles.== Types of microbial metabolism ==All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesising cell mass: autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2) heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing: chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds phototrophic – energy is obtained from lightIn practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows: chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Knallgas-bacteria photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. Examples: Cyanobacteria (water (H2O) as reducing equivalent donor), Chlorobiaceae, Chromatiaceae (hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as reducing equivalent donor), Chloroflexus (hydrogen (H2) as reducing equivalent donor) chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2). Examples: some Thiobacilus, some Beggiatoa, some Nitrobacter spp., Wolinella (with H2 as reducing equivalent donor), some Knallgas-bacteria, some sulfate-reducing bacteria chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Examples: most bacteria, e. g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Actinobacteria photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodocyclus, Heliobacterium, Chloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)