Short-Chain-Length Polyhydroxyalkanoates: Synthesis in
... The process for the production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrateco-3-hydroxyvalerate) [P(3HB-co-3HV)] was first developed using the natural PHA-producing bacterium, R. eutropha. In this process, propionic acid was added to supply the precursors for 3HV monomer (Fig. 2). The same strategy was applied to prod ...
... The process for the production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrateco-3-hydroxyvalerate) [P(3HB-co-3HV)] was first developed using the natural PHA-producing bacterium, R. eutropha. In this process, propionic acid was added to supply the precursors for 3HV monomer (Fig. 2). The same strategy was applied to prod ...
Biochemistry 304 2014 Student Edition Gluconeogenesis Lectures
... Lactate produced by active skeletal muscle and erythrocytes is an energy source for other organs. •Skeletal muscle during vigorous exercise produces pyruvate at a rate faster than oxidative metabolism via the citric acid cycle can use it. •Also NADH production is more rapid than its conversion to NA ...
... Lactate produced by active skeletal muscle and erythrocytes is an energy source for other organs. •Skeletal muscle during vigorous exercise produces pyruvate at a rate faster than oxidative metabolism via the citric acid cycle can use it. •Also NADH production is more rapid than its conversion to NA ...
To remember Sir Hans Krebs: Nobelist, Friend, and Adviser
... a little about cell metabolism. Celf metabolism can be viewed as the way energy is released from foodstuffs and converted to chemical energy that is useful to the body. In animals, this is done by stepwise oxidation, or removal of electrons, from food materials. The electrons are then fed into a cha ...
... a little about cell metabolism. Celf metabolism can be viewed as the way energy is released from foodstuffs and converted to chemical energy that is useful to the body. In animals, this is done by stepwise oxidation, or removal of electrons, from food materials. The electrons are then fed into a cha ...
[U-13C]propionate, phenylacetate, and acetaminophen
... values of about three times the tricarboxylic acid cycle rate are unsustainable, because the ATP demand for gluconeogenesis exceeds the total ATP output of the citric acid cycle via substrate level and oxidative phosphorylation. Others have proposed that sufficient ATP is available if a significant ...
... values of about three times the tricarboxylic acid cycle rate are unsustainable, because the ATP demand for gluconeogenesis exceeds the total ATP output of the citric acid cycle via substrate level and oxidative phosphorylation. Others have proposed that sufficient ATP is available if a significant ...
Metabolic Activity Decreases as an Adaptive Response to Low
... Plants lack specialised organs and circulatory systems, and oxygen can fall to low concentrations in metabolically active, dense or bulky tissues. In animals that tolerate hypoxia or anoxia, low oxygen triggers an adaptive inhibition of respiration and metabolic activity. Growing potato tubers were ...
... Plants lack specialised organs and circulatory systems, and oxygen can fall to low concentrations in metabolically active, dense or bulky tissues. In animals that tolerate hypoxia or anoxia, low oxygen triggers an adaptive inhibition of respiration and metabolic activity. Growing potato tubers were ...
The role of the C8 proton of ATP in the catalysis of shikimate kinase
... that the key catalytic residues associated with increasing ATP C8-H lability are conserved (Figure 2). These residues formed the basis of the SDM programme to ascertain their role in catalysis. The effect of SDM of the amino acid residues implicated in the “push” mechanism within the active sites of ...
... that the key catalytic residues associated with increasing ATP C8-H lability are conserved (Figure 2). These residues formed the basis of the SDM programme to ascertain their role in catalysis. The effect of SDM of the amino acid residues implicated in the “push” mechanism within the active sites of ...
Anaerobic and aerobic pathways for salvage of proximal tubules
... ⌬⌿m, they preempt the development of damage to respiratory complex I and other inner mitochondrial membrane components. However, there are at least two explanations for the beneficial effects afforded by provision of the substrates only during reoxygenation, and they are not mutually exclusive. One ...
... ⌬⌿m, they preempt the development of damage to respiratory complex I and other inner mitochondrial membrane components. However, there are at least two explanations for the beneficial effects afforded by provision of the substrates only during reoxygenation, and they are not mutually exclusive. One ...
16. Energy Metabolism
... pentose phosphate cycle is virtually suppressed. However, under conditions of lipogenesis, which cause NADPH to be drawn off for fatty acid synthesis, the pentose phosphate cycle would become active. In any case, glucose oxidation by the pentose phosphate cycle does not result in formation of ATP. O ...
... pentose phosphate cycle is virtually suppressed. However, under conditions of lipogenesis, which cause NADPH to be drawn off for fatty acid synthesis, the pentose phosphate cycle would become active. In any case, glucose oxidation by the pentose phosphate cycle does not result in formation of ATP. O ...
Application of Synthetic Biology for Biopolymer
... Plastics are versatile, cheap and durable materials that are omnipresent in modern society. Since most of them are derived from crude oil and are not biodegradable, their production leads to the depletion of fossil fuels and the accumulation of enormous amounts of plastic waste that pollutes ecosyst ...
... Plastics are versatile, cheap and durable materials that are omnipresent in modern society. Since most of them are derived from crude oil and are not biodegradable, their production leads to the depletion of fossil fuels and the accumulation of enormous amounts of plastic waste that pollutes ecosyst ...
ISOLATION OF PHYTASE PRODUCING BACTERIA FROM POULTRY FAECES AND
... Objective: Phytase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of phytic acid. It is a class of phosphatase enzyme and finds use as a major animal feed supplement. In this study the effect of culture conditions for the maximum production of Phytase was assessed from a phytase producing bacteria which ...
... Objective: Phytase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of phytic acid. It is a class of phosphatase enzyme and finds use as a major animal feed supplement. In this study the effect of culture conditions for the maximum production of Phytase was assessed from a phytase producing bacteria which ...
Review: can diet influence the selective advantage of mitochondrial
... metabolic and biochemical changes. Remarkably, rather than being harmful, these changes may increase evolutionary potential and decrease susceptibility for disease. Although the exact response depends, in part, on the specific mitochondrial perturbation, in general, the transcriptional response resu ...
... metabolic and biochemical changes. Remarkably, rather than being harmful, these changes may increase evolutionary potential and decrease susceptibility for disease. Although the exact response depends, in part, on the specific mitochondrial perturbation, in general, the transcriptional response resu ...
Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the Production of Fermented
... Abstract: Alcoholic beverages are produced following the fermentation of sugars by yeasts, mainly (but not exclusively) strains of the species, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The sugary starting materials may emanate from cereal starches (which require enzymatic pre-hydrolysis) in the case of beers and w ...
... Abstract: Alcoholic beverages are produced following the fermentation of sugars by yeasts, mainly (but not exclusively) strains of the species, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The sugary starting materials may emanate from cereal starches (which require enzymatic pre-hydrolysis) in the case of beers and w ...
Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the Production of Fermented
... Abstract: Alcoholic beverages are produced following the fermentation of sugars by yeasts, mainly (but not exclusively) strains of the species, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The sugary starting materials may emanate from cereal starches (which require enzymatic pre-hydrolysis) in the case of beers and w ...
... Abstract: Alcoholic beverages are produced following the fermentation of sugars by yeasts, mainly (but not exclusively) strains of the species, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The sugary starting materials may emanate from cereal starches (which require enzymatic pre-hydrolysis) in the case of beers and w ...
Recycling of vitamin B12 and NAD+ within the Pdu
... that PduS is a monomer and each monomer of PduS contains one non-covalently bound FMN and two [4Fe-4S] clusters which are oxygen-labile. Genetic studies showed that a pduS deletion decreased the growth rate of Salmonella on 1,2-PD supporting a role in cobalamin reduction in vivo. Further SDS-PAGE an ...
... that PduS is a monomer and each monomer of PduS contains one non-covalently bound FMN and two [4Fe-4S] clusters which are oxygen-labile. Genetic studies showed that a pduS deletion decreased the growth rate of Salmonella on 1,2-PD supporting a role in cobalamin reduction in vivo. Further SDS-PAGE an ...
University of Groningen Operation of the purine nucleotide cycle in
... Embden et ad. (1928) demonstrated that ammonia production in homogenates of frog and rabbit muscle is not increased by addition of exogenous urea, but strongly stimulated upon addition of AMP, suggesting AMP to be the ammoniogenic substrate. Embden & Wassermeyer (1928) showed that the muscle extract ...
... Embden et ad. (1928) demonstrated that ammonia production in homogenates of frog and rabbit muscle is not increased by addition of exogenous urea, but strongly stimulated upon addition of AMP, suggesting AMP to be the ammoniogenic substrate. Embden & Wassermeyer (1928) showed that the muscle extract ...
Module 1. General principles of metabolism. Metabolism of
... B. It is found only in a certain place. C. It functions only under certain environmental conditions. D. It speeds up a particular chemical reaction. E. * It occurs in only one type of cell. 77. An update of Fischer's lock and key theory of enzyme specificity view the _______ as the lock and _______ ...
... B. It is found only in a certain place. C. It functions only under certain environmental conditions. D. It speeds up a particular chemical reaction. E. * It occurs in only one type of cell. 77. An update of Fischer's lock and key theory of enzyme specificity view the _______ as the lock and _______ ...
1. Fatty acids may be synthesized from dietary glucose via pyruvate
... a. Reaction. Butyryl-ACP (a four-carbon unit) reacts with another malonyl group via the reactions described above to form a six-carbon unit, and the reactions of the fatty acid synthase complex continue. b. Reaction repeats. After seven turns of this cycle, palmitic-ACP (a 16-carbon unit) is synthes ...
... a. Reaction. Butyryl-ACP (a four-carbon unit) reacts with another malonyl group via the reactions described above to form a six-carbon unit, and the reactions of the fatty acid synthase complex continue. b. Reaction repeats. After seven turns of this cycle, palmitic-ACP (a 16-carbon unit) is synthes ...
The impact of sperm metabolism during in vitro storage: the stallion
... Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the energy molecule used by all living cells. It is an organic molecule containing high phosphate bonds. Energy is harvests from ATP through the breaking of these phosphate bonds by the ATPase enzyme, leaving behind adenosine diphosphate (ADP) which is rephosphorylate ...
... Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the energy molecule used by all living cells. It is an organic molecule containing high phosphate bonds. Energy is harvests from ATP through the breaking of these phosphate bonds by the ATPase enzyme, leaving behind adenosine diphosphate (ADP) which is rephosphorylate ...
Balancing between respiration and fermentation - UvA-DARE
... concentrationn of a carbon source in order to carry out the metabolic functions most appropriate too the situation (figure 1). This provides the yeast cell with energy and reducing equivalents in thee form of ATP and NAD(P)H and building blocks to synthesize other biomolecules. While most yeastss ca ...
... concentrationn of a carbon source in order to carry out the metabolic functions most appropriate too the situation (figure 1). This provides the yeast cell with energy and reducing equivalents in thee form of ATP and NAD(P)H and building blocks to synthesize other biomolecules. While most yeastss ca ...
06_Metabolism of lipid
... • FA synthesis and degradation occur by two completely separate pathways • When glucose is plentiful, large amounts of acetyl CoA are produced by glycolysis and can be used for fatty acid synthesis ...
... • FA synthesis and degradation occur by two completely separate pathways • When glucose is plentiful, large amounts of acetyl CoA are produced by glycolysis and can be used for fatty acid synthesis ...
The Proposed Effects of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD
... concomitant rise in the capacity to generate ATP via oxidative phosphorylation [26]. A similar study conducted on rabbits using electrical stimulation of the muscle draws the same conclusion with an increased volume of mitochondria [50]. The exercise induced adaptation of increased mitochondria cont ...
... concomitant rise in the capacity to generate ATP via oxidative phosphorylation [26]. A similar study conducted on rabbits using electrical stimulation of the muscle draws the same conclusion with an increased volume of mitochondria [50]. The exercise induced adaptation of increased mitochondria cont ...
Microbial metabolism
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe’s ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles.== Types of microbial metabolism ==All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesising cell mass: autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2) heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing: chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds phototrophic – energy is obtained from lightIn practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows: chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Knallgas-bacteria photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. Examples: Cyanobacteria (water (H2O) as reducing equivalent donor), Chlorobiaceae, Chromatiaceae (hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as reducing equivalent donor), Chloroflexus (hydrogen (H2) as reducing equivalent donor) chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2). Examples: some Thiobacilus, some Beggiatoa, some Nitrobacter spp., Wolinella (with H2 as reducing equivalent donor), some Knallgas-bacteria, some sulfate-reducing bacteria chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Examples: most bacteria, e. g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Actinobacteria photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodocyclus, Heliobacterium, Chloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)