Text S1: General Metabolism
... nor X. bovienii encodes nitrate reductase, indicating these bacteria do not utilize the anaerobic electron acceptor preferred by Escherichia coli. However, both Xenorhabdus spp. encode fumarate reductase that should allow fumarate to serve as an electron acceptor [5]. In E. coli NarL and NarP transc ...
... nor X. bovienii encodes nitrate reductase, indicating these bacteria do not utilize the anaerobic electron acceptor preferred by Escherichia coli. However, both Xenorhabdus spp. encode fumarate reductase that should allow fumarate to serve as an electron acceptor [5]. In E. coli NarL and NarP transc ...
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... films [4], and logic gates [4]. Particularly, semiconducting SWCNTs hold much potential for the design of field-effect transistors and sensors, owing to their controllable carrier mobility [4]. While both metallic and semiconducting SWCNTs have broad application prospects, it is still a great challe ...
... films [4], and logic gates [4]. Particularly, semiconducting SWCNTs hold much potential for the design of field-effect transistors and sensors, owing to their controllable carrier mobility [4]. While both metallic and semiconducting SWCNTs have broad application prospects, it is still a great challe ...
Unsaturated and Odd-Chain Fatty Acid Catabolism
... Unsaturated fatty acids are found in our high fat diets. The complete oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids presents some difficulties. Happily most of the reactions involved in the oxidation of these unsaturated fatty acids are the same as β-oxidation. In addition, we need two additional enzymes, an ...
... Unsaturated fatty acids are found in our high fat diets. The complete oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids presents some difficulties. Happily most of the reactions involved in the oxidation of these unsaturated fatty acids are the same as β-oxidation. In addition, we need two additional enzymes, an ...
antimicrobial activities of sulfur compounds derived from s
... et al. (59) reported a finding of allicin from the supercritical CO 2 extract of onion. The discrepancy was explained by Block et al. (10) as an artifact due to very high injection port temperature employed by Sinha et al. (59). GC analysis employing high temperature may induce chemical modification ...
... et al. (59) reported a finding of allicin from the supercritical CO 2 extract of onion. The discrepancy was explained by Block et al. (10) as an artifact due to very high injection port temperature employed by Sinha et al. (59). GC analysis employing high temperature may induce chemical modification ...
Ch23-Oxidation of Fatty Acids and Ketone Bodies
... Fig. 23.1. Overview of mitochondrial long-chain fatty acid metabolism. (1) Fatty acid binding proteins (FaBP) transport fatty acids across the plasma membrane and bind them in the cytosol. (2) Fatty acyl CoA synthetase activates fatty acids to fatty acyl CoAs. (3) Carnitine transports the activated ...
... Fig. 23.1. Overview of mitochondrial long-chain fatty acid metabolism. (1) Fatty acid binding proteins (FaBP) transport fatty acids across the plasma membrane and bind them in the cytosol. (2) Fatty acyl CoA synthetase activates fatty acids to fatty acyl CoAs. (3) Carnitine transports the activated ...
Atmospheric evolution in the Precambrian: Constraints from water
... The effects of Po2 on mineral dissolution have been studied for Fe(II)-bearing silicate minerals (Murakami et al., 2004; Sugimori et al., 2009, 2012). Although the observation of redox-insensitive elements (e.g., Mg and Si) released during dissolution of the minerals has revealed that dissolution ra ...
... The effects of Po2 on mineral dissolution have been studied for Fe(II)-bearing silicate minerals (Murakami et al., 2004; Sugimori et al., 2009, 2012). Although the observation of redox-insensitive elements (e.g., Mg and Si) released during dissolution of the minerals has revealed that dissolution ra ...
The Biosynthesis of N-Phosphorylcreatine: an Investigation of the
... under conditions similar to those described by these authors. Further fractionation, however, caused a loss of activity and, since this could be recovered in greater than additive amounts by recombination of fractions, it seemed that more than one enzyme was involved. Furthermore, it has been found ...
... under conditions similar to those described by these authors. Further fractionation, however, caused a loss of activity and, since this could be recovered in greater than additive amounts by recombination of fractions, it seemed that more than one enzyme was involved. Furthermore, it has been found ...
REVIEWS Environmental remediation by photocatalysis R. Vinu AND Giridhar Madras
... reducing power of the CB electrons. Moreover, these interfacial electron transfer steps compete with the electron-hole recombination reaction (10 ns) and hence, the practical efficiency or quantum yield is always lesser than that of the theoretical yield. The organic compounds degrade through the form ...
... reducing power of the CB electrons. Moreover, these interfacial electron transfer steps compete with the electron-hole recombination reaction (10 ns) and hence, the practical efficiency or quantum yield is always lesser than that of the theoretical yield. The organic compounds degrade through the form ...
Production and Utilization of Acetate in Mammals
... are not much lower than those found in herbivores (Annison & Armstrong, 1970; Ballard, 1972). The source of this acetate in non-herbivores or in all starved mammals is not known, although long-chain Vol. 142 ...
... are not much lower than those found in herbivores (Annison & Armstrong, 1970; Ballard, 1972). The source of this acetate in non-herbivores or in all starved mammals is not known, although long-chain Vol. 142 ...
3 Citrate metabolism and aroma compound production in lactic acid
... diacetyl, acetoin and butanediol, which have aromatic properties. One of these compounds, diacetyl is responsible for the buttery aroma of dairy products such as butter, acid cream and cottage cheese. In addition, it is an important component of the flavour of different kinds of chesses and yoghurt. ...
... diacetyl, acetoin and butanediol, which have aromatic properties. One of these compounds, diacetyl is responsible for the buttery aroma of dairy products such as butter, acid cream and cottage cheese. In addition, it is an important component of the flavour of different kinds of chesses and yoghurt. ...
THE ATP SYNTHASE—A SPLENDID MOLECULAR MACHINE
... subunits from both F1 and F0 . The F0 in higher organisms is considerably more complex. The enzyme from all sources has multiple copies of a subunit like the small c-subunit in the E. coli F0 , and proton translocation by this hydrophobic protein is blocked by a facile reaction of an intramembrane c ...
... subunits from both F1 and F0 . The F0 in higher organisms is considerably more complex. The enzyme from all sources has multiple copies of a subunit like the small c-subunit in the E. coli F0 , and proton translocation by this hydrophobic protein is blocked by a facile reaction of an intramembrane c ...
PRODUCTION OF PYRUVATE AND LACTATE BY
... contamination and strain stability still prevent prolonged resting cell processes. ...
... contamination and strain stability still prevent prolonged resting cell processes. ...
Drug metabolism
... Metabolism of some N containing compounds are complicated by the fact that C or N hydroxylated products may undergo secondary reactions to form other, more complex metabolic products (e.g., ...
... Metabolism of some N containing compounds are complicated by the fact that C or N hydroxylated products may undergo secondary reactions to form other, more complex metabolic products (e.g., ...
Pyruvate dehydrogenase and the regulation of glucose oxidation in
... complex (PDC). Methods: We examined the effects of dichloroacetate (DCA), an inhibitor of PDC kinase, and of alterations in exogenous palmitate supply on coupling of glucose oxidation to glycolysis in isolated working hypertrophied and control hearts from aortic-constricted and sham-operated male Sp ...
... complex (PDC). Methods: We examined the effects of dichloroacetate (DCA), an inhibitor of PDC kinase, and of alterations in exogenous palmitate supply on coupling of glucose oxidation to glycolysis in isolated working hypertrophied and control hearts from aortic-constricted and sham-operated male Sp ...
A network-based approach to cell metabolism: from structure to flux balances
... of these intricate systems composed of thousands of interacting reactions. To ease the understanding of cellular metabolism as a complex system, the classical reductionist approach has given way to the so-called systems-level approach, which studies metabolism as a whole, taking into account the lar ...
... of these intricate systems composed of thousands of interacting reactions. To ease the understanding of cellular metabolism as a complex system, the classical reductionist approach has given way to the so-called systems-level approach, which studies metabolism as a whole, taking into account the lar ...
Chemistry - Dibrugarh University
... VSEPR Theory. Resonance and Resonance energy: Study of some inorganic and organic compounds (O3, NO3-, CO32-, SO42-, RCOO-, C6H6). Molecular Orbital Approach: LCAO method, bonding and antibonding MOs and their characteristics for s-s, s-p and p-p combination of atomic orbitals, non-bonding combinati ...
... VSEPR Theory. Resonance and Resonance energy: Study of some inorganic and organic compounds (O3, NO3-, CO32-, SO42-, RCOO-, C6H6). Molecular Orbital Approach: LCAO method, bonding and antibonding MOs and their characteristics for s-s, s-p and p-p combination of atomic orbitals, non-bonding combinati ...
Biology: Concepts and Connections, 6e (Campbell)
... B) two layers of phospholipids with protein sandwiched between them. C) a protein bilayer with embedded phospholipids. D) carbohydrates, proteins, and phospholipids that can drift in the membrane. E) individual proteins and phospholipids that can drift in a phospholipid bilayer. Answer: E Topic: 5.1 ...
... B) two layers of phospholipids with protein sandwiched between them. C) a protein bilayer with embedded phospholipids. D) carbohydrates, proteins, and phospholipids that can drift in the membrane. E) individual proteins and phospholipids that can drift in a phospholipid bilayer. Answer: E Topic: 5.1 ...
In vivo contribution of amino acid sulfur to cartilage proteoglycan
... were injected with 1 g/kg body weight of NAC. Pups were killed at 0, 2, 4, 8 and 24 h after injection, and blood was collected in tubes containing EDTA and immediately centrifuged at 4 ◦C (800 g, 5 min). Plasma samples, after the addition of 2-mercaptoethanol as an internal standard, were treated wi ...
... were injected with 1 g/kg body weight of NAC. Pups were killed at 0, 2, 4, 8 and 24 h after injection, and blood was collected in tubes containing EDTA and immediately centrifuged at 4 ◦C (800 g, 5 min). Plasma samples, after the addition of 2-mercaptoethanol as an internal standard, were treated wi ...
Roles of the Methylcitrate and Methylmalonyl
... mankind, but we are only now beginning to understand how it is able to survive and persist indefinitely in the host. Understanding carbon metabolism of the pathogen during infection is key, not only as a source of potential drug targets, but also for elucidating the environment in vivo, so that drug ...
... mankind, but we are only now beginning to understand how it is able to survive and persist indefinitely in the host. Understanding carbon metabolism of the pathogen during infection is key, not only as a source of potential drug targets, but also for elucidating the environment in vivo, so that drug ...
16 Gluconeogenesis
... mitochondrion by an NADH-linked malate dehydrogenase. After malate has been transported across the mitochondrial membrane, it is reoxidized to oxaloacetate by an NAD⫹-linked malate dehydrogenase in the cytoplasm (Figure 16.3). The formation of oxaloacetate from malate also provides NADH for use in s ...
... mitochondrion by an NADH-linked malate dehydrogenase. After malate has been transported across the mitochondrial membrane, it is reoxidized to oxaloacetate by an NAD⫹-linked malate dehydrogenase in the cytoplasm (Figure 16.3). The formation of oxaloacetate from malate also provides NADH for use in s ...
Indexing Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Flux in Intact Hearts by Carbon
... nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is presented and evaluated experimentally by comparison with measured myocardial oxygen consumption over a wide range of cardiac contractile function in intact, beating rat hearts. Continuous series of `3C NMR spectra, obtained after the introduction of [2-`3C acetat ...
... nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is presented and evaluated experimentally by comparison with measured myocardial oxygen consumption over a wide range of cardiac contractile function in intact, beating rat hearts. Continuous series of `3C NMR spectra, obtained after the introduction of [2-`3C acetat ...
Sustained nonoxidative glucose utilization and depletion of
... tion dogs received a priming bolus of 20 &i of L-[1-‘4C]lactic acid (New England Nuclear Corp.; specific activity 55 mCi/mmol) followed by constant intravenous infusion at a rate of 25 &i/h. After an equilibration period of 25 min (16), arterial and venous samples were withdrawn as outlined to deter ...
... tion dogs received a priming bolus of 20 &i of L-[1-‘4C]lactic acid (New England Nuclear Corp.; specific activity 55 mCi/mmol) followed by constant intravenous infusion at a rate of 25 &i/h. After an equilibration period of 25 min (16), arterial and venous samples were withdrawn as outlined to deter ...
Microbial metabolism
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe’s ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles.== Types of microbial metabolism ==All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesising cell mass: autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2) heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing: chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds phototrophic – energy is obtained from lightIn practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows: chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Knallgas-bacteria photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. Examples: Cyanobacteria (water (H2O) as reducing equivalent donor), Chlorobiaceae, Chromatiaceae (hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as reducing equivalent donor), Chloroflexus (hydrogen (H2) as reducing equivalent donor) chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2). Examples: some Thiobacilus, some Beggiatoa, some Nitrobacter spp., Wolinella (with H2 as reducing equivalent donor), some Knallgas-bacteria, some sulfate-reducing bacteria chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Examples: most bacteria, e. g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Actinobacteria photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodocyclus, Heliobacterium, Chloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)