Investigating the Role of ADP-forming Acetyl-CoA
... Acetate is a common anion in biology and is a major metabolic end product in a variety of organisms. When the incoming carbon flux surpasses the capacity of central metabolic pathways, excess acetyl-CoA will undergo fermentation and recycle CoA. An additional benefit of acetate fermentation is the g ...
... Acetate is a common anion in biology and is a major metabolic end product in a variety of organisms. When the incoming carbon flux surpasses the capacity of central metabolic pathways, excess acetyl-CoA will undergo fermentation and recycle CoA. An additional benefit of acetate fermentation is the g ...
NUCLEOTIDES Occurrence Nucleotides are present in all types of
... Nomenclature of nucleotides Since nucleotides are phosphorylated nucleosides, the name of a nucleotide is composed of name of nucleoside and phosphate. The attachment position of phosphate to ribose is indicated with Arabic numeral. Further, a prime mark after numeral is used to differentiate number ...
... Nomenclature of nucleotides Since nucleotides are phosphorylated nucleosides, the name of a nucleotide is composed of name of nucleoside and phosphate. The attachment position of phosphate to ribose is indicated with Arabic numeral. Further, a prime mark after numeral is used to differentiate number ...
CYP-450
... influence the efficacy and side-effect profile of these compounds. The chemical nature and means of identification of these biotransformations have been well known for many years, but in recent years major advances have been made in the understanding of the enzymes responsible for the metabolic pa ...
... influence the efficacy and side-effect profile of these compounds. The chemical nature and means of identification of these biotransformations have been well known for many years, but in recent years major advances have been made in the understanding of the enzymes responsible for the metabolic pa ...
Chem Soc Rev
... In this context, methane, which is available not only as a fossil resource, a major component of natural gas, coal-bed gas and shale gas, but also from a variety of renewable sources as biogas,14 could provide an economical and sustainable alternative to petroleum. Furthermore, methane is one of the ...
... In this context, methane, which is available not only as a fossil resource, a major component of natural gas, coal-bed gas and shale gas, but also from a variety of renewable sources as biogas,14 could provide an economical and sustainable alternative to petroleum. Furthermore, methane is one of the ...
Glucose metabolism in Trypanosoma cruzi
... Glucose is taken up via one facilitated transporter and its catabolism by the glycolytic pathway leads to the excretion of reduced products, succinate and l‑alanine, even in the presence of oxygen; the first six enzymes are located in a peroxisome‑like organelle, the glycosome, and the lack of regul ...
... Glucose is taken up via one facilitated transporter and its catabolism by the glycolytic pathway leads to the excretion of reduced products, succinate and l‑alanine, even in the presence of oxygen; the first six enzymes are located in a peroxisome‑like organelle, the glycosome, and the lack of regul ...
CHEMICAL AND PROCESS DESIGN HANDBOOK
... C6H5NH2 + 2CH3OH → C6H5N(CH3)2 + 2H2O Thus, aniline, with a considerable excess of methyl alcohol and a catalytic amount of sulfuric acid, is heated in an autoclave at about 200o C for 5 or 6 hours at a high reaction pressure of 540 psi (3.7 MPa). Vacuum distillation is used for purification. In the ...
... C6H5NH2 + 2CH3OH → C6H5N(CH3)2 + 2H2O Thus, aniline, with a considerable excess of methyl alcohol and a catalytic amount of sulfuric acid, is heated in an autoclave at about 200o C for 5 or 6 hours at a high reaction pressure of 540 psi (3.7 MPa). Vacuum distillation is used for purification. In the ...
Plant Biochemistry
... Mitochondria also result from endosymbionts 15 Peroxisomes are the site of reactions in which toxic intermediates are formed 16 The endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus form a network for the distribution of biosynthesis products 18 Functionally intact cell organelles can be isolated from plant ...
... Mitochondria also result from endosymbionts 15 Peroxisomes are the site of reactions in which toxic intermediates are formed 16 The endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus form a network for the distribution of biosynthesis products 18 Functionally intact cell organelles can be isolated from plant ...
AMINO ACID OXIDATION AND THE PRODUCTION OF UREA
... e now turn our attention to the amino acids, the final class of biomolecules that, through their oxidative degradation, make a significant contribution to the generation of metabolic energy. The fraction of metabolic energy obtained from amino acids, whether they are derived from dietary protein or ...
... e now turn our attention to the amino acids, the final class of biomolecules that, through their oxidative degradation, make a significant contribution to the generation of metabolic energy. The fraction of metabolic energy obtained from amino acids, whether they are derived from dietary protein or ...
AS Chemistry 1
... The formula of a hydrogen carbonate ion is HCO3There must be two hydrogen carbonate ions, each with charge 1î, to balance the two + charges on calcium. The formula with one Ca2+ and two HCO3î is written Ca(HCO3)2 ...
... The formula of a hydrogen carbonate ion is HCO3There must be two hydrogen carbonate ions, each with charge 1î, to balance the two + charges on calcium. The formula with one Ca2+ and two HCO3î is written Ca(HCO3)2 ...
This paper is published in a part-themed issue of Photochemical
... was cooled and added to the exhausted cold solution it became luminous again because the component that was used up in the cold solution was precisely the one that was not destroyed by the heat. Dubois called the molecule that was consumed in the bioluminescence reaction luciferin and the component ...
... was cooled and added to the exhausted cold solution it became luminous again because the component that was used up in the cold solution was precisely the one that was not destroyed by the heat. Dubois called the molecule that was consumed in the bioluminescence reaction luciferin and the component ...
Bovine rumen microbiome and its role in feed efficiency and
... • Lignocellulosic biomass - major source of ruminant production • Crucial step – bioconversion of lignocellulosic feedstock (cellulose and hemicellulose) to fermentable sugar • Cellulolytic microorganisms – bacteria, fungi and protozoa ...
... • Lignocellulosic biomass - major source of ruminant production • Crucial step – bioconversion of lignocellulosic feedstock (cellulose and hemicellulose) to fermentable sugar • Cellulolytic microorganisms – bacteria, fungi and protozoa ...
A new simple fluorimetric method to assay cytosolic ATP content
... and chloroplasts, and most of it stays within the borders of the plasma membrane (Roux & Steinebrunner ...
... and chloroplasts, and most of it stays within the borders of the plasma membrane (Roux & Steinebrunner ...
Oxidation and Synthesis of Fatty Acids in Soluble Enzyme Systems
... established by Lipmann and his group (13, 14). For present purposes it can be conceived of as merely a vehicle for an Sil group which can readily become acylated to form an acyl thiol ester. Now we come to the second function of the sparker. These thioesters -the fatty acyl derivatives of CoA-are ox ...
... established by Lipmann and his group (13, 14). For present purposes it can be conceived of as merely a vehicle for an Sil group which can readily become acylated to form an acyl thiol ester. Now we come to the second function of the sparker. These thioesters -the fatty acyl derivatives of CoA-are ox ...
On-surface derivatisation of aromatic molecules
... seen that even with a large aromatic core, 1 can still be removed unless in a densely packed configuration which allows intermolecular forces to stabilise the film. While the decrease in packing density observed by Raman spectroscopy indicates an increase in the chain length of the end-groups of 1, ...
... seen that even with a large aromatic core, 1 can still be removed unless in a densely packed configuration which allows intermolecular forces to stabilise the film. While the decrease in packing density observed by Raman spectroscopy indicates an increase in the chain length of the end-groups of 1, ...
Vocabulary Definitions
... phytoplankton a huge array of photosynthetic microorganisms that are free-floating in water (SRB) polar zone the climate zone that is closest to the North and South Poles (latitude 60˚–90˚ north and latitude 60˚–90˚south) (SRB) population all the individuals of one kind (one species) in a specified ...
... phytoplankton a huge array of photosynthetic microorganisms that are free-floating in water (SRB) polar zone the climate zone that is closest to the North and South Poles (latitude 60˚–90˚ north and latitude 60˚–90˚south) (SRB) population all the individuals of one kind (one species) in a specified ...
1 – Introduction
... all organic fertilizers are classified as 'slow - release' fertilizers, and therefore cannot cause nitrogen burn . Organic fertilizers from composts and other sources can be quite variable from one batch to the next , without batch testing amounts of applied nutrient cannot be precisely known. Never ...
... all organic fertilizers are classified as 'slow - release' fertilizers, and therefore cannot cause nitrogen burn . Organic fertilizers from composts and other sources can be quite variable from one batch to the next , without batch testing amounts of applied nutrient cannot be precisely known. Never ...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a metabolic regulator of
... regulated by the redox state of NAD(H) and NADP(H) [20]. This transcriptional feedback system, whose activity fluctuates as a function of the light–dark cycle, controls the circadian rhythms in many organisms. The reduced forms of the NAD cofactors, NADH and NADPH, enhance the heterodimerisation an ...
... regulated by the redox state of NAD(H) and NADP(H) [20]. This transcriptional feedback system, whose activity fluctuates as a function of the light–dark cycle, controls the circadian rhythms in many organisms. The reduced forms of the NAD cofactors, NADH and NADPH, enhance the heterodimerisation an ...
FATTY ACID METABOLISM
... • The degradation of palmitoyl CoA (C16-acyl CoA) requires seven reaction cycles. • In seventh cycle, C4-ketoacyl CoA is thiolyzed to two molecules of acetyl CoA. • Hence, the stoichiometry of oxidation of palmitoyl CoA is: ...
... • The degradation of palmitoyl CoA (C16-acyl CoA) requires seven reaction cycles. • In seventh cycle, C4-ketoacyl CoA is thiolyzed to two molecules of acetyl CoA. • Hence, the stoichiometry of oxidation of palmitoyl CoA is: ...
Enzyme Mechanisms
... The catalytic triad of asp, his, and ser is found in an approximately linear arrangement in all the serine proteases, all the way from non-specific, secreted bacterial proteases to highly regulated and highly specific mammalian proteases. ...
... The catalytic triad of asp, his, and ser is found in an approximately linear arrangement in all the serine proteases, all the way from non-specific, secreted bacterial proteases to highly regulated and highly specific mammalian proteases. ...
Review Article Hydroxyl radical generation theory: a possible
... ethanol in 25 Å long tunnel is not required. Hydroxyl radicals come out from the main or lateral channel and oxidize ethanol molecules (Figure 3) into acetaldehyde [12]. It should be noted that bound NADPH lies at the mouth of one of the lateral channels [7, 13, 14]. HRG take place at very low H2O2 ...
... ethanol in 25 Å long tunnel is not required. Hydroxyl radicals come out from the main or lateral channel and oxidize ethanol molecules (Figure 3) into acetaldehyde [12]. It should be noted that bound NADPH lies at the mouth of one of the lateral channels [7, 13, 14]. HRG take place at very low H2O2 ...
Microbial metabolism
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe’s ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles.== Types of microbial metabolism ==All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesising cell mass: autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2) heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing: chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds phototrophic – energy is obtained from lightIn practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows: chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Knallgas-bacteria photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. Examples: Cyanobacteria (water (H2O) as reducing equivalent donor), Chlorobiaceae, Chromatiaceae (hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as reducing equivalent donor), Chloroflexus (hydrogen (H2) as reducing equivalent donor) chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2). Examples: some Thiobacilus, some Beggiatoa, some Nitrobacter spp., Wolinella (with H2 as reducing equivalent donor), some Knallgas-bacteria, some sulfate-reducing bacteria chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Examples: most bacteria, e. g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Actinobacteria photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodocyclus, Heliobacterium, Chloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)