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... • Transport of fatty acids into mitochondria • Beta-Oxidation proper in the mitochondrial matrix • Fatty acids are oxidized by most of the tissues in the body. • Brain, erythrocytes and adrenal medulla cannot utilize fatty acids for energy requirement. ...
... • Transport of fatty acids into mitochondria • Beta-Oxidation proper in the mitochondrial matrix • Fatty acids are oxidized by most of the tissues in the body. • Brain, erythrocytes and adrenal medulla cannot utilize fatty acids for energy requirement. ...
A 3-month old female infant seemed normal until she developed
... birth. Supplementation of glutamine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid and asparagine will increase survival rate. These amino acids provide oxaloacetate in the TCA cycle for oxidative metabolism in making ATP. Glutamine is relied on for the maintenance of growth of skin fibroblast cells compared to norm ...
... birth. Supplementation of glutamine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid and asparagine will increase survival rate. These amino acids provide oxaloacetate in the TCA cycle for oxidative metabolism in making ATP. Glutamine is relied on for the maintenance of growth of skin fibroblast cells compared to norm ...
Influence of Aerobic and Phototrophic Growth
... between aerobically- and phototrophically-grown bacteria in the relative yields of I4CO2 released from position 2 or 4 of either glucose or fructose (not shown). With both hexoses, however, the differential rates of 14C02evolution from position 6 were about 2 to 4-fold higher in bacteria grown photo ...
... between aerobically- and phototrophically-grown bacteria in the relative yields of I4CO2 released from position 2 or 4 of either glucose or fructose (not shown). With both hexoses, however, the differential rates of 14C02evolution from position 6 were about 2 to 4-fold higher in bacteria grown photo ...
Applied and Environmental Microbiology
... brasiliense experienced nitrogen-limiting conditions when grown in the malate-glutamate medium. In liquid microaerobic cultures without glutamate (N2fixing conditions), GDH, GOT, GTP, or all three were also much more active in A. lipoferum and A. amazonense than in A. brasiliense (data not shown). D ...
... brasiliense experienced nitrogen-limiting conditions when grown in the malate-glutamate medium. In liquid microaerobic cultures without glutamate (N2fixing conditions), GDH, GOT, GTP, or all three were also much more active in A. lipoferum and A. amazonense than in A. brasiliense (data not shown). D ...
S-nitrosothiols regulate nitric oxide production and storage in plants
... gsnor1 plants also displayed strongly decreased growth vigour. Conversely, leaf area and biomass growth tended to increase, albeit not always statistically significant, in GSNOR1 overexpressing 35S::FLAG-GSNOR1 plants (Fig. 2a-d). These findings suggest (S)NOmediated suppression of nitrate assimilat ...
... gsnor1 plants also displayed strongly decreased growth vigour. Conversely, leaf area and biomass growth tended to increase, albeit not always statistically significant, in GSNOR1 overexpressing 35S::FLAG-GSNOR1 plants (Fig. 2a-d). These findings suggest (S)NOmediated suppression of nitrate assimilat ...
Does Lactic Acid Cause Muscular Fatigue?
... from each molecule of muscle glycogen and because the end products, carbon dioxide (CO 2) and water (H2O) are easily eliminated from the body (Westerblad and Allen, 2009). Thirty-nine (39) ATP molecules will be produced when molecules of pyruvate and hydrogen ions are metabolized aerobically in the ...
... from each molecule of muscle glycogen and because the end products, carbon dioxide (CO 2) and water (H2O) are easily eliminated from the body (Westerblad and Allen, 2009). Thirty-nine (39) ATP molecules will be produced when molecules of pyruvate and hydrogen ions are metabolized aerobically in the ...
Archive Microbiology
... was used for the assays of lipoic acid. In the beginning it was grown in exactly the same medium as described by Gunsalus a n d Razzell (1957). However, even after repeated passage into fresh medium, these cultures did not respond significantly to the addition of lipoic acid. Since vitamin free case ...
... was used for the assays of lipoic acid. In the beginning it was grown in exactly the same medium as described by Gunsalus a n d Razzell (1957). However, even after repeated passage into fresh medium, these cultures did not respond significantly to the addition of lipoic acid. Since vitamin free case ...
Ketone Body Metabolism
... zKetone bodies are used for energy. zKetone bodies are transported from the liver to other tissues, where acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate can be reconverted to acetyl-CoA to produce energy. zThe heart gets much of its energy from ketone bodies, although it also uses a lot of fatty acids ...
... zKetone bodies are used for energy. zKetone bodies are transported from the liver to other tissues, where acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate can be reconverted to acetyl-CoA to produce energy. zThe heart gets much of its energy from ketone bodies, although it also uses a lot of fatty acids ...
Lactic Acidosis
... Under normal aerobic conditions glucose is converted to pyruvate, which is in turn converted to acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA then combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate, and so enters the Krebs cycle. The Krebs cycle of biochemical reactions then produces water, CO2 and most importantly, ATP, the prim ...
... Under normal aerobic conditions glucose is converted to pyruvate, which is in turn converted to acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA then combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate, and so enters the Krebs cycle. The Krebs cycle of biochemical reactions then produces water, CO2 and most importantly, ATP, the prim ...
CELLULAR ENERGY METABOLISM DURING FETAL
... adult heart (1, 2) . Although the developing heart exhibits tightly coupled oxidative phosphorylation with citric acid cycle intermediates as substrates (3), little is known of the capacity of the fetal heart to utilize fatty acids as energy-yielding substrates. Fatty acid oxidation by mitochondria ...
... adult heart (1, 2) . Although the developing heart exhibits tightly coupled oxidative phosphorylation with citric acid cycle intermediates as substrates (3), little is known of the capacity of the fetal heart to utilize fatty acids as energy-yielding substrates. Fatty acid oxidation by mitochondria ...
Fatty Acid Oxid
... b-oxidation pathway running in reverse, but NADPH serves as electron donor for the final reduction step. Fatty acids esterified to CoA are substrates for the ER elongation machinery, which uses malonyl-CoA as donor of 2-carbon units. The reaction sequence is similar to Fatty Acid Synthase but indi ...
... b-oxidation pathway running in reverse, but NADPH serves as electron donor for the final reduction step. Fatty acids esterified to CoA are substrates for the ER elongation machinery, which uses malonyl-CoA as donor of 2-carbon units. The reaction sequence is similar to Fatty Acid Synthase but indi ...
Fatty Acid Oxid - Univerzita Karlova v Praze
... b-oxidation pathway running in reverse, but NADPH serves as electron donor for the final reduction step. Fatty acids esterified to CoA are substrates for the ER elongation machinery, which uses malonyl-CoA as donor of 2-carbon units. The reaction sequence is similar to Fatty Acid Synthase but indi ...
... b-oxidation pathway running in reverse, but NADPH serves as electron donor for the final reduction step. Fatty acids esterified to CoA are substrates for the ER elongation machinery, which uses malonyl-CoA as donor of 2-carbon units. The reaction sequence is similar to Fatty Acid Synthase but indi ...
Enzyme Mechanisms
... carboxylic acids, C=C bonds: R1R2CH-OH + X R1R2C=O + XH2 R1HC=O + X + OH- R1COO- + XH2 X is usually NAD, NADP, FAD, FMN A few biological redox systems involve metal ions or Fe-S complexes Usually reduced compounds are higher-energy than the corresponding oxidized compounds 11/02/2010 Biochem: Enz ...
... carboxylic acids, C=C bonds: R1R2CH-OH + X R1R2C=O + XH2 R1HC=O + X + OH- R1COO- + XH2 X is usually NAD, NADP, FAD, FMN A few biological redox systems involve metal ions or Fe-S complexes Usually reduced compounds are higher-energy than the corresponding oxidized compounds 11/02/2010 Biochem: Enz ...
Scholarly Interest Report
... The discipline of bioenergetics attempts to characterize the biochemical processes whereby the chemical free energy that originates with our diet is made available to living organisms. In eucaryotic systems the relevant processes are catalyzed by enzyme complexes present in the inner membrane of the ...
... The discipline of bioenergetics attempts to characterize the biochemical processes whereby the chemical free energy that originates with our diet is made available to living organisms. In eucaryotic systems the relevant processes are catalyzed by enzyme complexes present in the inner membrane of the ...
Recent Advances in Second Generation Ethanol Production by
... impact on agricultural areas when crops are harvested soley for their energy value [4]. Second generation biofuels address these concerns as they are derived from non-food (lignocellulosic) biomass demonstrating a move towards a more sustainable biofuel production that meets the demand for bioethano ...
... impact on agricultural areas when crops are harvested soley for their energy value [4]. Second generation biofuels address these concerns as they are derived from non-food (lignocellulosic) biomass demonstrating a move towards a more sustainable biofuel production that meets the demand for bioethano ...
Prokaryotic proteins of antioxidant defense in Trichomonas vaginalis
... byproducts of oxygen metabolism. Oxygen has a unique molecular structure with unique electron configuration resulting from two unpaired electrons in ground state of O2 molecule (triplet oxygen). It readily accepts electrons generated by normal oxidative metabolism of the cell. Processes causing unco ...
... byproducts of oxygen metabolism. Oxygen has a unique molecular structure with unique electron configuration resulting from two unpaired electrons in ground state of O2 molecule (triplet oxygen). It readily accepts electrons generated by normal oxidative metabolism of the cell. Processes causing unco ...
acetyl CoA - LSU School of Medicine
... used to activate a fatty acid. In typical reactions, ATP (2~) is converted to ADP (1~) and Pi (0~). In the thiokinase reaction, ATP (2~) is converted to AMP (0~) and PPi (1~). However, there is a ubiquitous pyrophosphatase present is all cells that converts PPi (1~) to 2 Pi (0~). Thus FA activation ...
... used to activate a fatty acid. In typical reactions, ATP (2~) is converted to ADP (1~) and Pi (0~). In the thiokinase reaction, ATP (2~) is converted to AMP (0~) and PPi (1~). However, there is a ubiquitous pyrophosphatase present is all cells that converts PPi (1~) to 2 Pi (0~). Thus FA activation ...
Chapter 18 Glycolysis
... electron transport pathway, making ATP in oxidative phosphorylation – In anaerobic conditions, NADH is reoxidized by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (LDH), ...
... electron transport pathway, making ATP in oxidative phosphorylation – In anaerobic conditions, NADH is reoxidized by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (LDH), ...
Discovery of substrate cycles in large scale metabolic networks
... Results: We present a method to identify substrate cycles in the context of metabolic modules, which facilitates functional analysis. This method utilizes elementary flux mode (EFM) analysis to find potential substrate cycles in the form of cyclical EFMs, and combines this analysis with network part ...
... Results: We present a method to identify substrate cycles in the context of metabolic modules, which facilitates functional analysis. This method utilizes elementary flux mode (EFM) analysis to find potential substrate cycles in the form of cyclical EFMs, and combines this analysis with network part ...
Biosynthetic Potentials of Metabolites and Their
... network (see for example [7]). A characteristic of most of the applied approaches is that it is in general not possible to reconstruct the original metabolic network from the graph, since in the simplification process important biochemical information is lost. Moreover, graph theoretical results may ...
... network (see for example [7]). A characteristic of most of the applied approaches is that it is in general not possible to reconstruct the original metabolic network from the graph, since in the simplification process important biochemical information is lost. Moreover, graph theoretical results may ...
Microbial metabolism
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe’s ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles.== Types of microbial metabolism ==All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesising cell mass: autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2) heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing: chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds phototrophic – energy is obtained from lightIn practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows: chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Knallgas-bacteria photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. Examples: Cyanobacteria (water (H2O) as reducing equivalent donor), Chlorobiaceae, Chromatiaceae (hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as reducing equivalent donor), Chloroflexus (hydrogen (H2) as reducing equivalent donor) chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2). Examples: some Thiobacilus, some Beggiatoa, some Nitrobacter spp., Wolinella (with H2 as reducing equivalent donor), some Knallgas-bacteria, some sulfate-reducing bacteria chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Examples: most bacteria, e. g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Actinobacteria photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodocyclus, Heliobacterium, Chloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)