Theoretical studies on pyridoxal 5’-phosphate- catalyzed reactions of biological relevance 2014
... billion years). However, taking into account the number of residues of each protein and the average number of proteins in the cell, such chemical lifetimes are necessary to prevent spontaneous degradation of proteins under physiological conditions (Wolfenden2001). On the other hand, it is also requi ...
... billion years). However, taking into account the number of residues of each protein and the average number of proteins in the cell, such chemical lifetimes are necessary to prevent spontaneous degradation of proteins under physiological conditions (Wolfenden2001). On the other hand, it is also requi ...
The experiments provide ne~~~den~~~~t the r&rate clewage pathway... of carbon for the synthesis of $tty ack& k‘l...
... Waft, 1965; Leveille atid- Hanson, 19@5a,196&J. On- the basis of these observations, and of the presumed jm~~rmeabil~tyof m~tochon~r~ato palyanions such as citr$tte, it was proposed that e~~rarnito~h~ndria~ citrate is derived from i~trarn~~~~o~l~ia1citrate via the intermediate formation of rr-ketogl ...
... Waft, 1965; Leveille atid- Hanson, 19@5a,196&J. On- the basis of these observations, and of the presumed jm~~rmeabil~tyof m~tochon~r~ato palyanions such as citr$tte, it was proposed that e~~rarnito~h~ndria~ citrate is derived from i~trarn~~~~o~l~ia1citrate via the intermediate formation of rr-ketogl ...
Glycogen Earth organisms use three major forms of - Rose
... as a priming step, and provides the energy required to form the glycoside bond in glycogen. Note that UTP is thus acting as a metabolic energy-containing molecule in the same way that ATP does. Although ATP is most frequently used, all of the nucleotides normally present in RNA are also used for met ...
... as a priming step, and provides the energy required to form the glycoside bond in glycogen. Note that UTP is thus acting as a metabolic energy-containing molecule in the same way that ATP does. Although ATP is most frequently used, all of the nucleotides normally present in RNA are also used for met ...
H - IS MU
... Acyl-CoA itself cannot cross the inner mitochondrial membrane; instead, acyl groups are transferred to carnitine, transported across the membrane as acylcarnitine, and transferred back to CoA within the mitochondrial matrix. Short-chain fatty acids (4 – 10 carbon atoms) do not require the carnitine ...
... Acyl-CoA itself cannot cross the inner mitochondrial membrane; instead, acyl groups are transferred to carnitine, transported across the membrane as acylcarnitine, and transferred back to CoA within the mitochondrial matrix. Short-chain fatty acids (4 – 10 carbon atoms) do not require the carnitine ...
Aldehydes and Ketones
... Ethanal (acetaldehyde) is produced from ethanol in the liver. Ethanol is oxidized in this reaction, which is catalyzed by the liver enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase. The ethanal that is produced in this reaction is responsible for the symptoms of a hangover. Propanone (acetone), the simplest ketone, is ...
... Ethanal (acetaldehyde) is produced from ethanol in the liver. Ethanol is oxidized in this reaction, which is catalyzed by the liver enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase. The ethanal that is produced in this reaction is responsible for the symptoms of a hangover. Propanone (acetone), the simplest ketone, is ...
Enzymatic activation of sulfur for incorporation into biomolecules in
... the property of the pyridoxal phosphate-stabilized alanine carbanion as a poor leaving group makes NifS a modest catalyst with a specific activity of about 90 mU mg1 (Zheng et al., 1993). It is important to note that activity values of NifS proteins in vitro are significantly affected by the presen ...
... the property of the pyridoxal phosphate-stabilized alanine carbanion as a poor leaving group makes NifS a modest catalyst with a specific activity of about 90 mU mg1 (Zheng et al., 1993). It is important to note that activity values of NifS proteins in vitro are significantly affected by the presen ...
Regulation of nitrogen metabolism in gram
... (Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, Staphylococcus, and Listeria spp.), but not for TnrA. In each genome, genes containing a potential GlnR-binding site were selected and then compared in each pair of genomes. As a result, we revealed four operons (glnRA, nrgA, glnQHMP, and gdhA) with the GlnR sites cons ...
... (Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, Staphylococcus, and Listeria spp.), but not for TnrA. In each genome, genes containing a potential GlnR-binding site were selected and then compared in each pair of genomes. As a result, we revealed four operons (glnRA, nrgA, glnQHMP, and gdhA) with the GlnR sites cons ...
IJCA 50A(09-10) 1457-1462
... compounds.2 Photosynthetic sulfur bacteria use the sulfur compounds as a source of electrons for reductive carbon dioxide fixation during anoxic autotropic growth, while chemolithoautotropic sulfur bacteria uses the electron derived from oxidation of inorganic sulfur species both in carbon dioxide f ...
... compounds.2 Photosynthetic sulfur bacteria use the sulfur compounds as a source of electrons for reductive carbon dioxide fixation during anoxic autotropic growth, while chemolithoautotropic sulfur bacteria uses the electron derived from oxidation of inorganic sulfur species both in carbon dioxide f ...
27. biosynthesis of amino acids
... reductases. Ammonia so formed can be synthesized into amino acids by plants which are then used up by animals as source of amino acids, both essential and nonessential, to built animal proteins. When organisms die, the microbes degrade their body proteins to ammonia in the soil, where nitrifying bac ...
... reductases. Ammonia so formed can be synthesized into amino acids by plants which are then used up by animals as source of amino acids, both essential and nonessential, to built animal proteins. When organisms die, the microbes degrade their body proteins to ammonia in the soil, where nitrifying bac ...
Carbon Metabolism in Spores of the Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus
... Assays of enzymatic activities have indicated the presence of several metabolic pathways during asymbiotic growth of Glomus mosseae (Macdonald and Lewis, 1978) and Gi. margarita (Saito, 1995). Of the glycolytic enzymes, phosphofructokinase (EC 2.7.1.11) and glyceraldehyde-P dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.1 ...
... Assays of enzymatic activities have indicated the presence of several metabolic pathways during asymbiotic growth of Glomus mosseae (Macdonald and Lewis, 1978) and Gi. margarita (Saito, 1995). Of the glycolytic enzymes, phosphofructokinase (EC 2.7.1.11) and glyceraldehyde-P dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.1 ...
ATP utilization associated with recovery metabolism in - AJP-Cell
... behavior of our anaerobic muscle preparation is predictable and reproducible. In Fig. 2, the suprabasal lactate production after a l-s tetanus was repeatable to within 6%. We found an average basal lactate production of 109 t 10 (SEM: n = 16) nmol/g per min, similar to those values reported by Karpa ...
... behavior of our anaerobic muscle preparation is predictable and reproducible. In Fig. 2, the suprabasal lactate production after a l-s tetanus was repeatable to within 6%. We found an average basal lactate production of 109 t 10 (SEM: n = 16) nmol/g per min, similar to those values reported by Karpa ...
The role of aqueous-phase oxidation in the A
... Atmospheric particulate matter (or "aerosol") is known to have important implications for cli- ...
... Atmospheric particulate matter (or "aerosol") is known to have important implications for cli- ...
Propionic Acid Degradation by Syntrophic Bacteria During
... flux was always higher than the hydrogen formation and consumption rate, reducing the interspecies distances by aggregate formation was advantageous in the examined ecosystem. The research done during this study should give an overall description of syntrophic interactions between the main propionat ...
... flux was always higher than the hydrogen formation and consumption rate, reducing the interspecies distances by aggregate formation was advantageous in the examined ecosystem. The research done during this study should give an overall description of syntrophic interactions between the main propionat ...
NIH Public Access
... ruminants (Greening and Leedle, 1989; Tholen and Brune, 1999; Chassard and BernalierDonadille, 2006), the acetate generated by microbial metabolism is a beneficial nutrient for the host and for other microbes within the community. In these ecosystems, acetogens can compete directly with hydrogenotro ...
... ruminants (Greening and Leedle, 1989; Tholen and Brune, 1999; Chassard and BernalierDonadille, 2006), the acetate generated by microbial metabolism is a beneficial nutrient for the host and for other microbes within the community. In these ecosystems, acetogens can compete directly with hydrogenotro ...
Lipid Metabolism
... To obtain energy from fat, triglycerides must rst be broken down by hydrolysis into their two principal components, fatty acids and glycerol. This process, called lipolysis, takes place in the cytoplasm. The resulting fatty acids are oxidized by β -oxidation into acetyl CoA, which is used by the Kr ...
... To obtain energy from fat, triglycerides must rst be broken down by hydrolysis into their two principal components, fatty acids and glycerol. This process, called lipolysis, takes place in the cytoplasm. The resulting fatty acids are oxidized by β -oxidation into acetyl CoA, which is used by the Kr ...
Focus Issue on Plastid Biology Update Novel
... imbalances which usually are induced by sudden environmental changes. Unquenched excited states of chlorophyll and over-reduction of specific energetic redox couples may cause ROS production as described above. In chloroplasts high reduction states of the plastoquinone pool, ferredoxin and NADP-sys ...
... imbalances which usually are induced by sudden environmental changes. Unquenched excited states of chlorophyll and over-reduction of specific energetic redox couples may cause ROS production as described above. In chloroplasts high reduction states of the plastoquinone pool, ferredoxin and NADP-sys ...
Prevention of Mitochondrial Oxidative Damage as a
... ⌬H⫹-dependent transhydrogenase (17). Within the mitochondrial phospholipid bilayer, the fat-soluble antioxidants vitamin E and Coenzyme Q both prevent lipid peroxidation, while Coenzyme Q also recycles vitamin E and is itself regenerated by the respiratory chain (18). The mitochondrial isoform of p ...
... ⌬H⫹-dependent transhydrogenase (17). Within the mitochondrial phospholipid bilayer, the fat-soluble antioxidants vitamin E and Coenzyme Q both prevent lipid peroxidation, while Coenzyme Q also recycles vitamin E and is itself regenerated by the respiratory chain (18). The mitochondrial isoform of p ...
18. Metabolism of lipids 1
... THE CONTROL OF FATTY ACID METABOLISM Acetyl CoA carboxylase plays an essential role in regulating fatty acid synthesis and degradation. The carboxylase is controlled by hormones: ...
... THE CONTROL OF FATTY ACID METABOLISM Acetyl CoA carboxylase plays an essential role in regulating fatty acid synthesis and degradation. The carboxylase is controlled by hormones: ...
Chapter 16 The Citric Acid Cycle
... this cofactor the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex cannot convert pyruvate into acetyl-CoA, so the pyruvate produced by glycolysis accumulates. 39. Reactions of the citric acid cycle Page: 606 Difficulty: 3 There are few, if any, humans with defects in the enzymes of the citric acid cycle. Explain thi ...
... this cofactor the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex cannot convert pyruvate into acetyl-CoA, so the pyruvate produced by glycolysis accumulates. 39. Reactions of the citric acid cycle Page: 606 Difficulty: 3 There are few, if any, humans with defects in the enzymes of the citric acid cycle. Explain thi ...
Pyruvate Oxidation Overview of pyruvate metabolism - Rose
... possible for the pyruvate concentration inside the mitochondria to be higher than outside. The energy for the pump comes from a proton gradient, in which the proton concentration outside the mitochondria is higher than it is inside. Many other molecules are present only on one side of the membrane, ...
... possible for the pyruvate concentration inside the mitochondria to be higher than outside. The energy for the pump comes from a proton gradient, in which the proton concentration outside the mitochondria is higher than it is inside. Many other molecules are present only on one side of the membrane, ...
GUIDE (download pdf)
... The Pulsifier is used for dislodging microorganisms from foods without excessively breaking the food structure. The Pulsifier has an oval metal ring that can house a plastic bag with sample and diluents. When the instrument is activated, the ring will vibrate vigorously for a predetermined time (aro ...
... The Pulsifier is used for dislodging microorganisms from foods without excessively breaking the food structure. The Pulsifier has an oval metal ring that can house a plastic bag with sample and diluents. When the instrument is activated, the ring will vibrate vigorously for a predetermined time (aro ...
The change from lipid to carbohydrate during the respiratory rise in
... approaches that typical of starch or protein. An estimation has been made of the contribution of lipid and carbohydrate to the total respiration at each juncture. In connection with additional observations, it was deduced that the basal, or initial, respiration represents lipid metabolism--possibly ...
... approaches that typical of starch or protein. An estimation has been made of the contribution of lipid and carbohydrate to the total respiration at each juncture. In connection with additional observations, it was deduced that the basal, or initial, respiration represents lipid metabolism--possibly ...
Contents - Elsevier
... and NADP+, differing only in the presence or absence of an extra phosphate group? One important answer is that they are members of two different oxidation– reduction systems, both based on nicotinamide but functionally independent. The experimentally measured ratio [NAD+] / [NADH] is much higher tha ...
... and NADP+, differing only in the presence or absence of an extra phosphate group? One important answer is that they are members of two different oxidation– reduction systems, both based on nicotinamide but functionally independent. The experimentally measured ratio [NAD+] / [NADH] is much higher tha ...
Microbial metabolism
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe’s ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles.== Types of microbial metabolism ==All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesising cell mass: autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2) heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing: chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds phototrophic – energy is obtained from lightIn practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows: chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Knallgas-bacteria photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. Examples: Cyanobacteria (water (H2O) as reducing equivalent donor), Chlorobiaceae, Chromatiaceae (hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as reducing equivalent donor), Chloroflexus (hydrogen (H2) as reducing equivalent donor) chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2). Examples: some Thiobacilus, some Beggiatoa, some Nitrobacter spp., Wolinella (with H2 as reducing equivalent donor), some Knallgas-bacteria, some sulfate-reducing bacteria chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Examples: most bacteria, e. g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Actinobacteria photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodocyclus, Heliobacterium, Chloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)