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... 1.1. Sulfate Reducers: Phylogenetic Affiliation and Their Contributory Roles in Industrial Problems Sulfate reducers are ubiquitous anaerobic microorganisms that use sulfate as an electron acceptor to oxidize hydrogen and organic compounds (e.g., lactate, acetate, malate, butyrate) [10] (Table 1). T ...
... 1.1. Sulfate Reducers: Phylogenetic Affiliation and Their Contributory Roles in Industrial Problems Sulfate reducers are ubiquitous anaerobic microorganisms that use sulfate as an electron acceptor to oxidize hydrogen and organic compounds (e.g., lactate, acetate, malate, butyrate) [10] (Table 1). T ...
The rotary mechanism of the ATP synthase Archives - iGRAD
... membrane-associated process. The ATP synthase is a critically important activity that carries out synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi driven by a proton motive force, DlH+, or sodium motive force, DlNa+. This final step of oxidative or photo-phosphorylation provides the vast majority of ATP in the cell. ...
... membrane-associated process. The ATP synthase is a critically important activity that carries out synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi driven by a proton motive force, DlH+, or sodium motive force, DlNa+. This final step of oxidative or photo-phosphorylation provides the vast majority of ATP in the cell. ...
Probing the origins of glutathione biosynthesis through biochemical
... grouped into prokaryotic and eukaryotic forms that function as tetrameric and dimeric enzymes respectively [9,18–23]. Glutathione biosynthesis and its biological roles in bacteria, yeast, humans and plants have been well studied, but comparatively little is known about the enzymes of this pathway in ...
... grouped into prokaryotic and eukaryotic forms that function as tetrameric and dimeric enzymes respectively [9,18–23]. Glutathione biosynthesis and its biological roles in bacteria, yeast, humans and plants have been well studied, but comparatively little is known about the enzymes of this pathway in ...
Biochemical Thermodynamics
... Biochemical Energy Transformations Obey the Laws of Thermodynamics Many quantitative observations made by physicists and chemists on the inter-conversion of different forms of energy led, in the nineteenth 19th century, to the formulation of two 2 fundamental laws of thermodynamics. The first 1st l ...
... Biochemical Energy Transformations Obey the Laws of Thermodynamics Many quantitative observations made by physicists and chemists on the inter-conversion of different forms of energy led, in the nineteenth 19th century, to the formulation of two 2 fundamental laws of thermodynamics. The first 1st l ...
- Wiley Online Library
... persistent dormant form of the bacilli. The generation of alanine is accompanied by the oxidation of NADH. This aspect of alanine synthesis might play a role under the oxygen limiting conditions encountered after de£ection from aerobic growth and later during anaerobic dormancy. Therefore, we propos ...
... persistent dormant form of the bacilli. The generation of alanine is accompanied by the oxidation of NADH. This aspect of alanine synthesis might play a role under the oxygen limiting conditions encountered after de£ection from aerobic growth and later during anaerobic dormancy. Therefore, we propos ...
glycolysis
... fructose 1,6-bisphosphate D-glyceraldehyde-1-phosphate + dihydroxyacetone phosphate large and important enzyme Some bacterial and yeast forms require a divalent cation as a cofactor; eukaryotic aldolases do not. The non-cationic forms proceed through an imine (Schiff-base) intermediate. ...
... fructose 1,6-bisphosphate D-glyceraldehyde-1-phosphate + dihydroxyacetone phosphate large and important enzyme Some bacterial and yeast forms require a divalent cation as a cofactor; eukaryotic aldolases do not. The non-cationic forms proceed through an imine (Schiff-base) intermediate. ...
Department of chemistry North Lakhimpur College (AUTONOMOUS)
... Basics of Organic chemistry Importance of Organic Chemistry and Organic systems to human beings and society. Organic Compounds: Natural Sources, classification and Nomenclature. Hybridization: Shape of molecules, Influence of hybridization on bond properties. Electronic displacements: Inductive, Ele ...
... Basics of Organic chemistry Importance of Organic Chemistry and Organic systems to human beings and society. Organic Compounds: Natural Sources, classification and Nomenclature. Hybridization: Shape of molecules, Influence of hybridization on bond properties. Electronic displacements: Inductive, Ele ...
Role of Krebs Cycle in the Mechanism of Stability Internal Medium
... [NPBac] of Acetyl-CoA” [3,4,6] (Figure 1). Krebs tricarboxylic acid cycle is the crucial link of both catabolic anaerobic exergonic processes and catabolic aerobic exergonic processes which mechanisms depend on circular characteristic of TCA cycle pathway [3,7,8] (Figure 2). Besides the common pathw ...
... [NPBac] of Acetyl-CoA” [3,4,6] (Figure 1). Krebs tricarboxylic acid cycle is the crucial link of both catabolic anaerobic exergonic processes and catabolic aerobic exergonic processes which mechanisms depend on circular characteristic of TCA cycle pathway [3,7,8] (Figure 2). Besides the common pathw ...
phosphorylation. synthesis via the mechanism of substrate level
... growth on pyruvate, the reverse reactions catalyzed by phosphate acetyltransferase and acetate kinase might convert acetyl-CoA to acetate and phosphorylate ADP under conditions in which the conversion of acetyl-CoA to methane is ...
... growth on pyruvate, the reverse reactions catalyzed by phosphate acetyltransferase and acetate kinase might convert acetyl-CoA to acetate and phosphorylate ADP under conditions in which the conversion of acetyl-CoA to methane is ...
Metabolic pathways in Anopheles stephensi mitochondria
... utilized acetoacetate (Table 1), indicating that they are endowed with a pathway to utilize ketone bodies. Conversely, they did not utilize β-hydroxybutyrate, suggesting that the equilibrium of the reaction (acetoacetate+NADH↔β-hydroxybutyrate+NAD+ ) was displaced towards the right-hand side. This i ...
... utilized acetoacetate (Table 1), indicating that they are endowed with a pathway to utilize ketone bodies. Conversely, they did not utilize β-hydroxybutyrate, suggesting that the equilibrium of the reaction (acetoacetate+NADH↔β-hydroxybutyrate+NAD+ ) was displaced towards the right-hand side. This i ...
Metabolism of mono- and dihalogenated C1 and C2
... The conversion of and toxic effects exerted by several mono- and dihalogenated C1 and C2 compounds on cultures of Xanthobacter autotrophicus GJ10 growing on 1,2-dichloroethane were investigated. Bromochloromethane, dibromomethane and 1-bromo-2-chloroethane were utilized by strain GJ10 in batch cultur ...
... The conversion of and toxic effects exerted by several mono- and dihalogenated C1 and C2 compounds on cultures of Xanthobacter autotrophicus GJ10 growing on 1,2-dichloroethane were investigated. Bromochloromethane, dibromomethane and 1-bromo-2-chloroethane were utilized by strain GJ10 in batch cultur ...
APPLICATION OF LACTIC ACID BACTERIA TO CONTROL
... (Lie, 1995). As well as with strain of L. Plantarum isolated from fish sauce which produced lactic acid at 0.961% on day-3 of incubation was also able to inhibit S. Typhimurium effectively. It seemed that the inhibitory activity of LAB against S. Typhimurium was not only due to the organic acids pro ...
... (Lie, 1995). As well as with strain of L. Plantarum isolated from fish sauce which produced lactic acid at 0.961% on day-3 of incubation was also able to inhibit S. Typhimurium effectively. It seemed that the inhibitory activity of LAB against S. Typhimurium was not only due to the organic acids pro ...
Module E Oxygen Transport and Internal - Macomb
... body of the developing baby during the last 7 months of pregnancy. • It has a greater affinity for oxygen than Hemoglobin A (P50 of 20 mm Hg). • At about 30 weeks gestation, the fetus begins to make increasing amounts of hemoglobin A. • Hemoglobin F does not turn into hemoglobin A. • As they grow ba ...
... body of the developing baby during the last 7 months of pregnancy. • It has a greater affinity for oxygen than Hemoglobin A (P50 of 20 mm Hg). • At about 30 weeks gestation, the fetus begins to make increasing amounts of hemoglobin A. • Hemoglobin F does not turn into hemoglobin A. • As they grow ba ...
File
... production; HNO3: important industrial chemical, used to form nitrogen-based explosives, strong acid and a very strong oxidizing agent. ...
... production; HNO3: important industrial chemical, used to form nitrogen-based explosives, strong acid and a very strong oxidizing agent. ...
Oxidation of Fatty Acids Is the Source of Increased
... Proximal tubular cells (.90% of the kidney cortex) engage in active uptake and transepithelial transport of glucose, but only a small amount of glucose, if any, is used for ATP production (14). Moreover, diabetes causes a decrease in kidney glucose oxidation due to the inhibition of pyruvate dehydro ...
... Proximal tubular cells (.90% of the kidney cortex) engage in active uptake and transepithelial transport of glucose, but only a small amount of glucose, if any, is used for ATP production (14). Moreover, diabetes causes a decrease in kidney glucose oxidation due to the inhibition of pyruvate dehydro ...
Identification of genes specifically required for the
... (Chaudhuri and Wiesmann, 1995; Caldwell and Suflita, 2000; Kunapuli et al., 2008; Abu Laban et al., 2010) or toluene (Ulrich et al., 2005). However, technical difficulties in working with mixed cultures have prevented definitive studies on the mechanisms for anaerobic benzene activation. Dechloromon ...
... (Chaudhuri and Wiesmann, 1995; Caldwell and Suflita, 2000; Kunapuli et al., 2008; Abu Laban et al., 2010) or toluene (Ulrich et al., 2005). However, technical difficulties in working with mixed cultures have prevented definitive studies on the mechanisms for anaerobic benzene activation. Dechloromon ...
lithium
... lithium-6 (7.5 percent); five radioactive isotopes have been prepared—lithium-5, lithium-8, lithium-9, lithium-10, and lithium11—all having half-lives of less than one second. Lithium was used (1932) as the target metal in the pioneering work of John Cockcroft and Ernest Walton in transmuting nuclei ...
... lithium-6 (7.5 percent); five radioactive isotopes have been prepared—lithium-5, lithium-8, lithium-9, lithium-10, and lithium11—all having half-lives of less than one second. Lithium was used (1932) as the target metal in the pioneering work of John Cockcroft and Ernest Walton in transmuting nuclei ...
3. BIOMOLECULES I. CARBOHYDRATES
... 4. 11. 4. Glyoxylic acid cycle (Kornberg Krebs cycle) ........................................................... 12. 12. THE METABOLIC PROCESSES III. PROTEIN METABOLISM .................................... 1. 12.1. The nitrogen fixation .............................................................. ...
... 4. 11. 4. Glyoxylic acid cycle (Kornberg Krebs cycle) ........................................................... 12. 12. THE METABOLIC PROCESSES III. PROTEIN METABOLISM .................................... 1. 12.1. The nitrogen fixation .............................................................. ...
Chem 356 Structure and Function in Biochemistry
... (a) In muscle, glycogen is broken down to supply energy (ATP) via glycolysis. Glycogen phosphorylase catalyzes the conversion of stored glycogen to glucose-1phosphate, which is converted to glucose-6-phosphate. During strenuous muscle activity, skeletal muscle requires large quantities of glucose 6- ...
... (a) In muscle, glycogen is broken down to supply energy (ATP) via glycolysis. Glycogen phosphorylase catalyzes the conversion of stored glycogen to glucose-1phosphate, which is converted to glucose-6-phosphate. During strenuous muscle activity, skeletal muscle requires large quantities of glucose 6- ...
Microbial metabolism
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe’s ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles.== Types of microbial metabolism ==All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesising cell mass: autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2) heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing: chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds phototrophic – energy is obtained from lightIn practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows: chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Knallgas-bacteria photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. Examples: Cyanobacteria (water (H2O) as reducing equivalent donor), Chlorobiaceae, Chromatiaceae (hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as reducing equivalent donor), Chloroflexus (hydrogen (H2) as reducing equivalent donor) chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2). Examples: some Thiobacilus, some Beggiatoa, some Nitrobacter spp., Wolinella (with H2 as reducing equivalent donor), some Knallgas-bacteria, some sulfate-reducing bacteria chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Examples: most bacteria, e. g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Actinobacteria photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodocyclus, Heliobacterium, Chloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)