Journal of Biotechnology Evaluation of 13C isotopic tracers for
... differentiate between cellular phenotypes (Tang et al., 2009a). The choice of tracer dictates the mass isotopomer distribution (MID) of each metabolite for a given set of fluxes. The sensitivity of the MIDs, in turn, to changes in the pathway fluxes ultimately determines the confidence of flux estimates ...
... differentiate between cellular phenotypes (Tang et al., 2009a). The choice of tracer dictates the mass isotopomer distribution (MID) of each metabolite for a given set of fluxes. The sensitivity of the MIDs, in turn, to changes in the pathway fluxes ultimately determines the confidence of flux estimates ...
The Future of Butyric Acid in Industry (PDF Available)
... of their yields, productivity, and final butyrate concentrations when performed with limited glucose concentrations as compared to those done with excess glucose, as the latter often leads to osmotic dehydration of the cells [49]. However, end product inhibition is the main problem that faces butyri ...
... of their yields, productivity, and final butyrate concentrations when performed with limited glucose concentrations as compared to those done with excess glucose, as the latter often leads to osmotic dehydration of the cells [49]. However, end product inhibition is the main problem that faces butyri ...
lactic acid ENG.cdr
... 2. Reduced pyruvate conversion to CO2 and H2O. 3. An altered redox state within the cell during which pyruvate is preferentially converted to lactate. To understand the metabolism of lactate, it is necessary to review the processes of anaerobic and aerobic respiration. The following figure illustrat ...
... 2. Reduced pyruvate conversion to CO2 and H2O. 3. An altered redox state within the cell during which pyruvate is preferentially converted to lactate. To understand the metabolism of lactate, it is necessary to review the processes of anaerobic and aerobic respiration. The following figure illustrat ...
Grade11-Objective3
... acquiring the traits of the host cell causing the host cell to produce viruses introducing random deadly mutations into the host cell turning the host cell into a virus ...
... acquiring the traits of the host cell causing the host cell to produce viruses introducing random deadly mutations into the host cell turning the host cell into a virus ...
as a PDF
... or thymidine, although in some studies the changes in bacterial abundance and size are monitored. 2. The second approach is dilution culture, in which filter-sterilized water is reinoculated with a small amount of the native bacterial assemblage and the subsequent growth of these bacteria is monitor ...
... or thymidine, although in some studies the changes in bacterial abundance and size are monitored. 2. The second approach is dilution culture, in which filter-sterilized water is reinoculated with a small amount of the native bacterial assemblage and the subsequent growth of these bacteria is monitor ...
Peroxidases and Catalases. Biochemistry, Biophysics, Biotechnology and Physiology Brochure
... and Catalases: Biochemistry, Biophysics, Biotechnology and Physiology provides a much–needed systematic, up–to–date treatment of peroxidases and catalases. From the structure and properties of the various superfamilies to current applications of peroxidases, the book consolidates vast amounts of inf ...
... and Catalases: Biochemistry, Biophysics, Biotechnology and Physiology provides a much–needed systematic, up–to–date treatment of peroxidases and catalases. From the structure and properties of the various superfamilies to current applications of peroxidases, the book consolidates vast amounts of inf ...
Diarrhoea Loperamide
... Probiotics are live organisms that are ingested to provide therapeutic or preventative benefit for the host. The most commonly used are the lactic acidproducing bacteria bifidobacteria and lactobacilli. Probiotics also include the yeast Saccharomyces boulardii. Probiotics are commonly promoted to st ...
... Probiotics are live organisms that are ingested to provide therapeutic or preventative benefit for the host. The most commonly used are the lactic acidproducing bacteria bifidobacteria and lactobacilli. Probiotics also include the yeast Saccharomyces boulardii. Probiotics are commonly promoted to st ...
Altered Fermentative Metabolism in
... kinase pathway, which generates ATP but does not eliminate reductant (Hemschemeier and Happe, 2005; Atteia et al., 2006). Formate was demonstrated to be the dominant, secreted organic acid synthesized by dark, anoxic Chlamydomonas cells when maintained at near-neutral pH (Kreuzberg, 1984; Gibbs et a ...
... kinase pathway, which generates ATP but does not eliminate reductant (Hemschemeier and Happe, 2005; Atteia et al., 2006). Formate was demonstrated to be the dominant, secreted organic acid synthesized by dark, anoxic Chlamydomonas cells when maintained at near-neutral pH (Kreuzberg, 1984; Gibbs et a ...
Title Metabolism of fluoroorganic compounds in microorganisms
... defluorination (Visscher et al. 1994; Kim et al. 2000). However, no enzyme has yet been identified that can specifically cleave C-F bonds in the trifluoromethyl group. Some bacteria, such as the fluorometabolite producer Streptomyces cattleya, can stereospecifically degrade the amino acid L-4-fluor ...
... defluorination (Visscher et al. 1994; Kim et al. 2000). However, no enzyme has yet been identified that can specifically cleave C-F bonds in the trifluoromethyl group. Some bacteria, such as the fluorometabolite producer Streptomyces cattleya, can stereospecifically degrade the amino acid L-4-fluor ...
and fatty acids
... diabetes, fasting and starvation), when carbohydrates are not available to meet energy needs, or are properly utilized, the body breaks down body fat by a process called beta oxidation of fats. • Under these conditions, when fatty acid degradation predominates, and occurs more rapidly than glycolysi ...
... diabetes, fasting and starvation), when carbohydrates are not available to meet energy needs, or are properly utilized, the body breaks down body fat by a process called beta oxidation of fats. • Under these conditions, when fatty acid degradation predominates, and occurs more rapidly than glycolysi ...
17 - Stanford University
... data obtained from various concentrations of the substrate and enzyme at different pH conditions.14 From this analysis, it was found that the rate-limiting step is the proton abstraction step, and the primary kinetic isotope (KIE) effects, Hk/Dk, have been determined to be 1.9 and 1.3 for the L- to ...
... data obtained from various concentrations of the substrate and enzyme at different pH conditions.14 From this analysis, it was found that the rate-limiting step is the proton abstraction step, and the primary kinetic isotope (KIE) effects, Hk/Dk, have been determined to be 1.9 and 1.3 for the L- to ...
Syllabus: Fall 2016 – BCHM/HORT 640 Course Name: Plant
... Lecture title: Overview of N and S assimilation pathways and amino acid biosynthesis (Rhodes) Date: November 3, 2016 Objectives: This Lecture provides a brief introduction to the pathways of nitrate and sulfate reduction, and the major pathways of synthesis of amino acids. Metabolic interfaces to ce ...
... Lecture title: Overview of N and S assimilation pathways and amino acid biosynthesis (Rhodes) Date: November 3, 2016 Objectives: This Lecture provides a brief introduction to the pathways of nitrate and sulfate reduction, and the major pathways of synthesis of amino acids. Metabolic interfaces to ce ...
Gas-Chromatography Mass-Spectrometry (GC
... marine habitats [6]. However, metabolic pathways related to β-glucans remain unclear in contrast to the biosynthetic pathways of starch, which have been well characterized in plants and green algae. Greater understanding of the metabolic pathways and their constituent enzymes will likely not only be ...
... marine habitats [6]. However, metabolic pathways related to β-glucans remain unclear in contrast to the biosynthetic pathways of starch, which have been well characterized in plants and green algae. Greater understanding of the metabolic pathways and their constituent enzymes will likely not only be ...
Slide 1
... UDP-Glc synthases in protists, animals, and fungi. ADP-Glc synthase in plants. Primer of 4 to 8 Glc on a Tyr (-OH) of glycogenin. 1st Glc from UDP-Glc via Glc transferase. Remaining Glc’s tranferred by glycogenin. Amylo-(1,4 1,6)-transglycolase catalyzes the branch point. (Alpha 1-6 link) ...
... UDP-Glc synthases in protists, animals, and fungi. ADP-Glc synthase in plants. Primer of 4 to 8 Glc on a Tyr (-OH) of glycogenin. 1st Glc from UDP-Glc via Glc transferase. Remaining Glc’s tranferred by glycogenin. Amylo-(1,4 1,6)-transglycolase catalyzes the branch point. (Alpha 1-6 link) ...
Cultivation-based and molecular approaches to characterisation of
... providing a means of characterising natural populations of ammonia oxidisers. This approach involves analysis of amplified 16S rRNA genes by cloning, followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of members of the clone library, or by fingerprinting techniques such as denaturing and temperature g ...
... providing a means of characterising natural populations of ammonia oxidisers. This approach involves analysis of amplified 16S rRNA genes by cloning, followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of members of the clone library, or by fingerprinting techniques such as denaturing and temperature g ...
Fatty Acid Oxid
... oxidation is reoxidized producing hydrogen peroxide: FADH2 + O2 FAD + H2O2 The peroxisomal enzyme Catalase degrades H2O2: 2 H2O2 2 H2O + O2 These reactions produce no ATP. ...
... oxidation is reoxidized producing hydrogen peroxide: FADH2 + O2 FAD + H2O2 The peroxisomal enzyme Catalase degrades H2O2: 2 H2O2 2 H2O + O2 These reactions produce no ATP. ...
Chapter X-1: The Plant Cell and the Cell Cycle
... 36. The Aerobic Pathway; p. 115; moderate; ans: c The electrochemical gradient resulting from electron transport is due to differences in ______ across the inner mitochondrial membrane. a. b. c. d. e. ...
... 36. The Aerobic Pathway; p. 115; moderate; ans: c The electrochemical gradient resulting from electron transport is due to differences in ______ across the inner mitochondrial membrane. a. b. c. d. e. ...
Magnesium and cell energetics in plants under anoxia
... activation of sugars (e.g. synthesis of UDP-glucose and ADPglucose), activation of amino acids and fatty acids, and during elongation reactions for synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids. In these reactions, the removal of PPi by active PPase drives the equilibrium in the direction of synthesis [35 ...
... activation of sugars (e.g. synthesis of UDP-glucose and ADPglucose), activation of amino acids and fatty acids, and during elongation reactions for synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids. In these reactions, the removal of PPi by active PPase drives the equilibrium in the direction of synthesis [35 ...
Metabolism of Neoplastic Tissue XII. Effects of Glucose
... R.Q. of greater than 1 at the high glucose concen trations has been observed repeatedly. It suggests the rapid occurrence of reductive processes, simul taneously with respiration, possibly the conse quence of synthetic activities of growing tumor cells. The reason for these high R.Q.'s deserves furt ...
... R.Q. of greater than 1 at the high glucose concen trations has been observed repeatedly. It suggests the rapid occurrence of reductive processes, simul taneously with respiration, possibly the conse quence of synthetic activities of growing tumor cells. The reason for these high R.Q.'s deserves furt ...
Metabolic flux profiling of recombinant protein secreting Pichia
... Pichia pastoris is an attractive system for the production of recombinant proteins [1–4]. Moreover, the development of systems biotechnology tools specific for this cell factory [5–10] has opened new opportunities for strain improvement and rational design of culture conditions. Several studies ...
... Pichia pastoris is an attractive system for the production of recombinant proteins [1–4]. Moreover, the development of systems biotechnology tools specific for this cell factory [5–10] has opened new opportunities for strain improvement and rational design of culture conditions. Several studies ...
BCH 301 CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM
... Energy Producing:- Oxidation of triosePO4 to lactate The enzymes with the exception of enolase and pyruvate decarboxylase can ...
... Energy Producing:- Oxidation of triosePO4 to lactate The enzymes with the exception of enolase and pyruvate decarboxylase can ...
Microbial metabolism
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe’s ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles.== Types of microbial metabolism ==All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesising cell mass: autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2) heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing: chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds phototrophic – energy is obtained from lightIn practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows: chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Knallgas-bacteria photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. Examples: Cyanobacteria (water (H2O) as reducing equivalent donor), Chlorobiaceae, Chromatiaceae (hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as reducing equivalent donor), Chloroflexus (hydrogen (H2) as reducing equivalent donor) chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2). Examples: some Thiobacilus, some Beggiatoa, some Nitrobacter spp., Wolinella (with H2 as reducing equivalent donor), some Knallgas-bacteria, some sulfate-reducing bacteria chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Examples: most bacteria, e. g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Actinobacteria photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodocyclus, Heliobacterium, Chloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)