Chapter 28 Slides
... Consider phosphorylation of glucose If done by Pi, the concentration of Pi would have to be 2700 M However, using ATP, and if [ATP] and [ADP] are equal, [G-6-P]/[G] is maintained at 850 ATP, an activated form of phosphate, makes it possible for cell to carry out reactions while keeping concentration ...
... Consider phosphorylation of glucose If done by Pi, the concentration of Pi would have to be 2700 M However, using ATP, and if [ATP] and [ADP] are equal, [G-6-P]/[G] is maintained at 850 ATP, an activated form of phosphate, makes it possible for cell to carry out reactions while keeping concentration ...
Bio 226: Cell and Molecular Biology
... Nutrient assimilation Assimilating N and S is very expensive! • Reducing NO3- to NH4+ costs 8 e- (1 NADPH + 6 Fd) • Assimilating NH4+ into amino acids also costs ATP + e• Nitrogen fixation costs 16 ATP + 8 e• SO42- reduction to S2- costs 8 e- + 2ATP • S2- assimilation into Cysteine costs 2 more e• ...
... Nutrient assimilation Assimilating N and S is very expensive! • Reducing NO3- to NH4+ costs 8 e- (1 NADPH + 6 Fd) • Assimilating NH4+ into amino acids also costs ATP + e• Nitrogen fixation costs 16 ATP + 8 e• SO42- reduction to S2- costs 8 e- + 2ATP • S2- assimilation into Cysteine costs 2 more e• ...
chapter 15: answers to selected problems
... 15.20 In an activation reaction, a cell uses energy from ATP to build a high-energy molecule (usually a compound that contains a phosphate group attached to an organic fragment). The ATP breaks down into ADP and phosphate. 15.21 In glycolysis, glucose is broken down into two pyruvate ions. 15.22 Lac ...
... 15.20 In an activation reaction, a cell uses energy from ATP to build a high-energy molecule (usually a compound that contains a phosphate group attached to an organic fragment). The ATP breaks down into ADP and phosphate. 15.21 In glycolysis, glucose is broken down into two pyruvate ions. 15.22 Lac ...
Impact of carbon sources on growth and oxalate - The Keep
... substrate-‐product profiles, oxalate-‐to-‐biomass ratios, and culture pH was examined (Table 2). Glucose and supplemental carbon sources (with the exception of oxalate, glyoxylate, and glycolate) were for the most ...
... substrate-‐product profiles, oxalate-‐to-‐biomass ratios, and culture pH was examined (Table 2). Glucose and supplemental carbon sources (with the exception of oxalate, glyoxylate, and glycolate) were for the most ...
Upgrading the Hemicellulosic Fraction of Biomass into Biofuel
... components is thus a prerequisite for profitable biofuel production from LCB. When LCB undergoes acid pretreatment, the hemicellulose-derived fraction is mainly composed of monomeric pentoses (xylose, arabinose) and oligomeric pentoses both resulting from the thermo-chemical hydrolysis. The hemicell ...
... components is thus a prerequisite for profitable biofuel production from LCB. When LCB undergoes acid pretreatment, the hemicellulose-derived fraction is mainly composed of monomeric pentoses (xylose, arabinose) and oligomeric pentoses both resulting from the thermo-chemical hydrolysis. The hemicell ...
G. M. Tielens Hellemond, Fred R. Opperdoes and Aloysius Susanne
... when pyruvate is degraded by the Krebs cycle, this result confirms that the activity of a complete Krebs cycle is negligible in procyclic cells (7). The incubations performed with [U-14C]glycerol showed that, in the presence of both substrates, next to glucose, a considerable amount of glycerol was ...
... when pyruvate is degraded by the Krebs cycle, this result confirms that the activity of a complete Krebs cycle is negligible in procyclic cells (7). The incubations performed with [U-14C]glycerol showed that, in the presence of both substrates, next to glucose, a considerable amount of glycerol was ...
On the origin of biochemistry at an alkaline hydrothermal vent
... (Osborn 1917; Goldschmidt 1952). Chemical equilibrium of the H2/CO2 system in hydrothermal conditions favours the synthesis of reduced carbon compounds, the essential constituents of life, regardless of the reaction path taken to get there (Shock 1990; Shock et al. 1998). From the top-down (comparat ...
... (Osborn 1917; Goldschmidt 1952). Chemical equilibrium of the H2/CO2 system in hydrothermal conditions favours the synthesis of reduced carbon compounds, the essential constituents of life, regardless of the reaction path taken to get there (Shock 1990; Shock et al. 1998). From the top-down (comparat ...
Pentose Phosphate Shunt
... a 3-carbon unit is transferred, first to an active site lysine, and then to the acceptor molecule. ...
... a 3-carbon unit is transferred, first to an active site lysine, and then to the acceptor molecule. ...
New Functions for Parts of the Krebs Cycle in Procyclic
... when pyruvate is degraded by the Krebs cycle, this result confirms that the activity of a complete Krebs cycle is negligible in procyclic cells (7). The incubations performed with [U-14C]glycerol showed that, in the presence of both substrates, next to glucose, a considerable amount of glycerol was ...
... when pyruvate is degraded by the Krebs cycle, this result confirms that the activity of a complete Krebs cycle is negligible in procyclic cells (7). The incubations performed with [U-14C]glycerol showed that, in the presence of both substrates, next to glucose, a considerable amount of glycerol was ...
Boundless Study Slides
... • glycolysis the cellular metabolic pathway of the simple sugar glucose to yield pyruvic acid and ATP as an energy source • glycolysis the cellular metabolic pathway of the simple sugar glucose to yield pyruvic acid and ATP as an energy source • heterotroph an organism that requires an external supp ...
... • glycolysis the cellular metabolic pathway of the simple sugar glucose to yield pyruvic acid and ATP as an energy source • glycolysis the cellular metabolic pathway of the simple sugar glucose to yield pyruvic acid and ATP as an energy source • heterotroph an organism that requires an external supp ...
Anatomy of a Cell :
... Finally, consider the cytoplasm. Once considered merely the aqueous environment in which the “important” molecules or organelles floated, it is now better understood to be filled with important structural and transport elements (fig. 4). The cytoskeleton provides not only an internal physical struct ...
... Finally, consider the cytoplasm. Once considered merely the aqueous environment in which the “important” molecules or organelles floated, it is now better understood to be filled with important structural and transport elements (fig. 4). The cytoskeleton provides not only an internal physical struct ...
Briggs Protocol - The Power of Poop
... separated from our immune system by a single layer of cells – the “epithelial barrier”. The barrier is held together by “tight junction proteins”, with this barrier being given the task of not only keeping bacteria from migrating through to the other side (the lamina propria), but to simultaneously ...
... separated from our immune system by a single layer of cells – the “epithelial barrier”. The barrier is held together by “tight junction proteins”, with this barrier being given the task of not only keeping bacteria from migrating through to the other side (the lamina propria), but to simultaneously ...
Effect of Soy Isoflavones on Growth of Representative Bacterial
... Overall, these results agree well with those reported in the literature, in which isoflavones lacking prenyl and hydroxyl groups at certain positions of the isoflavone ring structure—such as daidzin, genistin, daidzein and genistein—have shown no major antimicrobial activity [17]. Other studies desc ...
... Overall, these results agree well with those reported in the literature, in which isoflavones lacking prenyl and hydroxyl groups at certain positions of the isoflavone ring structure—such as daidzin, genistin, daidzein and genistein—have shown no major antimicrobial activity [17]. Other studies desc ...
bacterial growth efficiency in natural aquatic
... or thymidine, although in some studies the changes in bacterial abundance and size are monitored. 2. The second approach is dilution culture, in which filter-sterilized water is reinoculated with a small amount of the native bacterial assemblage and the subsequent growth of these bacteria is monitor ...
... or thymidine, although in some studies the changes in bacterial abundance and size are monitored. 2. The second approach is dilution culture, in which filter-sterilized water is reinoculated with a small amount of the native bacterial assemblage and the subsequent growth of these bacteria is monitor ...
A structural comparison of molybdenum cofactor
... eubacteria and include among others DMSO reductase, the dissimilatory nitrate reductases, several formate dehydrogenases and pyrogallol-phloroglucinol transhydroxylase (Table 1). With the exception of transhydroxylase, most of these enzymes serve as terminal reductases in the absence of oxygen and t ...
... eubacteria and include among others DMSO reductase, the dissimilatory nitrate reductases, several formate dehydrogenases and pyrogallol-phloroglucinol transhydroxylase (Table 1). With the exception of transhydroxylase, most of these enzymes serve as terminal reductases in the absence of oxygen and t ...
Answers - Pearson
... lighter gas. Its particles have greater velocity than the particles of Y at the same temperature. (Note though that they will both have the same value for average kinetic energy.) 7 From the kinetic molecular theory we would expect a solid to be more dense than its liquid, and therefore that ice w ...
... lighter gas. Its particles have greater velocity than the particles of Y at the same temperature. (Note though that they will both have the same value for average kinetic energy.) 7 From the kinetic molecular theory we would expect a solid to be more dense than its liquid, and therefore that ice w ...
Lab 5
... Buffers are extensively used by both living organisms in vivo and scientists in vitro to prevent these catastrophic fluctuations of pH. Buffers, or more properly buffer systems, are molecules that can donate or accept hydrogen ions in order to maintain the pH within a small range. For example, the b ...
... Buffers are extensively used by both living organisms in vivo and scientists in vitro to prevent these catastrophic fluctuations of pH. Buffers, or more properly buffer systems, are molecules that can donate or accept hydrogen ions in order to maintain the pH within a small range. For example, the b ...
F:\Users\Steven\Documents\Chemistry\CHEM120\Problem Set
... 2 Ag(NO3) + (NH4)2S ----> Ag2S + 2 NH4NO3 a) If 25.0 mL of 0.10 M Ammonium sulfide is added to 60.0 mL of 0.10 M silver nitrate how much silver sulfide will form? b) Calculate the final concentration of the silver after all the precipitate (solid) has formed. 2) When 75 mL of 0.20M Na3PO4 is added t ...
... 2 Ag(NO3) + (NH4)2S ----> Ag2S + 2 NH4NO3 a) If 25.0 mL of 0.10 M Ammonium sulfide is added to 60.0 mL of 0.10 M silver nitrate how much silver sulfide will form? b) Calculate the final concentration of the silver after all the precipitate (solid) has formed. 2) When 75 mL of 0.20M Na3PO4 is added t ...
Screening of Lactic Acid Bacteria Capable to Breakdown Citric Acid
... changes during the process. It is clearly established that fermentation beginning in anaerobic and high sugar content conditions, allows first, the growth of yeasts [1]. As culture conditions are changing in the fermenting mass, notably the oxygen pressure, temperature and pH, lactic acid bacteria g ...
... changes during the process. It is clearly established that fermentation beginning in anaerobic and high sugar content conditions, allows first, the growth of yeasts [1]. As culture conditions are changing in the fermenting mass, notably the oxygen pressure, temperature and pH, lactic acid bacteria g ...
Screening of Lactic Acid Bacteria Capable to Breakdown Citric Acid
... changes during the process. It is clearly established that fermentation beginning in anaerobic and high sugar content conditions, allows first, the growth of yeasts [1]. As culture conditions are changing in the fermenting mass, notably the oxygen pressure, temperature and pH, lactic acid bacteria g ...
... changes during the process. It is clearly established that fermentation beginning in anaerobic and high sugar content conditions, allows first, the growth of yeasts [1]. As culture conditions are changing in the fermenting mass, notably the oxygen pressure, temperature and pH, lactic acid bacteria g ...
Microbial metabolism
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe’s ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles.== Types of microbial metabolism ==All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesising cell mass: autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2) heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing: chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds phototrophic – energy is obtained from lightIn practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows: chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Knallgas-bacteria photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. Examples: Cyanobacteria (water (H2O) as reducing equivalent donor), Chlorobiaceae, Chromatiaceae (hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as reducing equivalent donor), Chloroflexus (hydrogen (H2) as reducing equivalent donor) chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2). Examples: some Thiobacilus, some Beggiatoa, some Nitrobacter spp., Wolinella (with H2 as reducing equivalent donor), some Knallgas-bacteria, some sulfate-reducing bacteria chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Examples: most bacteria, e. g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Actinobacteria photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodocyclus, Heliobacterium, Chloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)