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Chem 356 Structure and Function in Biochemistry
... (a) In muscle, glycogen is broken down to supply energy (ATP) via glycolysis. Glycogen phosphorylase catalyzes the conversion of stored glycogen to glucose-1phosphate, which is converted to glucose-6-phosphate. During strenuous muscle activity, skeletal muscle requires large quantities of glucose 6- ...
... (a) In muscle, glycogen is broken down to supply energy (ATP) via glycolysis. Glycogen phosphorylase catalyzes the conversion of stored glycogen to glucose-1phosphate, which is converted to glucose-6-phosphate. During strenuous muscle activity, skeletal muscle requires large quantities of glucose 6- ...
on the potential efficiency of converting solar radiation to phytoenergy
... empirical observations, or both. Indeed, analyses of potential efficiencies often rely on observations of actual efficiencies when underlying theory is insufficiently developed. This review considers each of the processes (steps) in Fig. 1, and assigns or derives values the reviewer believes to be a ...
... empirical observations, or both. Indeed, analyses of potential efficiencies often rely on observations of actual efficiencies when underlying theory is insufficiently developed. This review considers each of the processes (steps) in Fig. 1, and assigns or derives values the reviewer believes to be a ...
Nature template
... Computation of elementary flux modes Elementary flux modes analysis was performed using METATOOL6,7. By defining the stoichiometries of a metabolic network, all possible distinct routes by which substrates can flow through the network are described and all feasible metabolic conversions can be descr ...
... Computation of elementary flux modes Elementary flux modes analysis was performed using METATOOL6,7. By defining the stoichiometries of a metabolic network, all possible distinct routes by which substrates can flow through the network are described and all feasible metabolic conversions can be descr ...
UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Encounters with oxygen
... which it uses for the conversion to ethanol as a means to regenerate NAD+ in order to rescue its redox balance (248). ...
... which it uses for the conversion to ethanol as a means to regenerate NAD+ in order to rescue its redox balance (248). ...
Analysis of structural robustness of metabolic
... and the directionality of reactions, which is available in many cases from the literature or on-line databases. A central concept in metabolic pathway analysis is that of elementary flux modes [18, 19]. An elementary mode is a minimal set of enzymes that can operate at steady state, such that all ir ...
... and the directionality of reactions, which is available in many cases from the literature or on-line databases. A central concept in metabolic pathway analysis is that of elementary flux modes [18, 19]. An elementary mode is a minimal set of enzymes that can operate at steady state, such that all ir ...
Incomplete citric acid cycle obliges aminolevulinic
... NADPH by Glu-tRNA"" reductase to glutamate 1semialdehyde which is rearranged to ALA by glutamate1-semialdehyde 2,l -aminomutase. Alternatively, ALA is synthesized from succinyl-CoA and glycine by ALA synthase. Despite the extensive literature concerning methylotroph cytochrome biochemistry (e.g. Ant ...
... NADPH by Glu-tRNA"" reductase to glutamate 1semialdehyde which is rearranged to ALA by glutamate1-semialdehyde 2,l -aminomutase. Alternatively, ALA is synthesized from succinyl-CoA and glycine by ALA synthase. Despite the extensive literature concerning methylotroph cytochrome biochemistry (e.g. Ant ...
6 - Beta-Sheet.org
... Cytochrome cy of Rhodospirillum rubrunl was the first c-type cytochrome to be isolated and characterized from a procaryotic organism (1). R. rubrum is a common purple non-sulfur photosynthetic bacterium which cau live anaerobically as a photoheterotroph dependent upon a cyclic photophosphorylating e ...
... Cytochrome cy of Rhodospirillum rubrunl was the first c-type cytochrome to be isolated and characterized from a procaryotic organism (1). R. rubrum is a common purple non-sulfur photosynthetic bacterium which cau live anaerobically as a photoheterotroph dependent upon a cyclic photophosphorylating e ...
New insight into the photoheterotrophic growth of the
... long lag phase could be due to a higher sensitivity to light stress when S1H is cultivated with acetate as unique carbon source. Indeed, dilution of the culture at the time of inoculation significantly increases the light intensity experienced at the cellular level. In contrast, increasing the OD at ...
... long lag phase could be due to a higher sensitivity to light stress when S1H is cultivated with acetate as unique carbon source. Indeed, dilution of the culture at the time of inoculation significantly increases the light intensity experienced at the cellular level. In contrast, increasing the OD at ...
Fatty Acid Catabolism
... acids are activated by coupling them to Coenzyme A to form an acyl-CoA; a fatty acid linked to CoA by a high energy thioester bond. Activation is catalyzed by the mitochondrial isoenzyme of Acyl-CoA Synthetase. The energy released by the hydrolysis of both high energy phosphate bonds of an ATP is ne ...
... acids are activated by coupling them to Coenzyme A to form an acyl-CoA; a fatty acid linked to CoA by a high energy thioester bond. Activation is catalyzed by the mitochondrial isoenzyme of Acyl-CoA Synthetase. The energy released by the hydrolysis of both high energy phosphate bonds of an ATP is ne ...
Role of TCA cycle and glyoxylate shunt for succinic acid production
... extremely important role in the food and beverage industry. Because its ability to produce ethanol, via alcoholic fermentation of different sugars as carbon sources, it’s widely used for the industrial production of alcoholic beverages like beer, wine or sake. During the fermentation process CO2 is ...
... extremely important role in the food and beverage industry. Because its ability to produce ethanol, via alcoholic fermentation of different sugars as carbon sources, it’s widely used for the industrial production of alcoholic beverages like beer, wine or sake. During the fermentation process CO2 is ...
Biochemistry 304 2014 Student Edition Glycolysis Lectures
... The metabolic flux through the glycolytic pathway must be adjusted to respond to internal and extracellular conditions. IMPORTANT - Two major cellular needs regulate the rate of glucose conversion into pyruvate: 1) The production of ATP. 2) The production of building blocks for synthetic reactions. ...
... The metabolic flux through the glycolytic pathway must be adjusted to respond to internal and extracellular conditions. IMPORTANT - Two major cellular needs regulate the rate of glucose conversion into pyruvate: 1) The production of ATP. 2) The production of building blocks for synthetic reactions. ...
Oxidative ortho-C-N Fusion of Aniline by OsO4. Isolation
... Ru(III) and Os(IV) nonoxo compounds as mediators. In this work OsO4 was chosen as a mediator since first, it is an exceptionally strong oxidant, and second, its lability toward substitution by amines is documented8 in the literature. These two properties are in fact essential for the above aromatic ...
... Ru(III) and Os(IV) nonoxo compounds as mediators. In this work OsO4 was chosen as a mediator since first, it is an exceptionally strong oxidant, and second, its lability toward substitution by amines is documented8 in the literature. These two properties are in fact essential for the above aromatic ...
The Citric acid cycle
... Transketolase transfers C2 units: TPP requiring enzyme like pyruvate dehydrogenase ...
... Transketolase transfers C2 units: TPP requiring enzyme like pyruvate dehydrogenase ...
Pathways of ethanol production from sucrose by a
... (1992). Periodic analyses of biomass, sucrose, ethanol, lactic, formic, acetic and succinic acids were performed as previously described (San Martin et al., 1992). In experiments at 10 and I5 g input sucrose 1-', the bioreactor was sparged with 50 ml oxygen-free nitrogen min-' to maintain anaerobic ...
... (1992). Periodic analyses of biomass, sucrose, ethanol, lactic, formic, acetic and succinic acids were performed as previously described (San Martin et al., 1992). In experiments at 10 and I5 g input sucrose 1-', the bioreactor was sparged with 50 ml oxygen-free nitrogen min-' to maintain anaerobic ...
ANTIBIOTICS
... In 1928, Fleming noted that a bacterial culture which had been left several weeks open to the air had become infected by a fungal colony. Of more interest was the fact that there was an area surrounding the fungal colony where the bacterial colonies were dying. He correctly concluded that the fungal ...
... In 1928, Fleming noted that a bacterial culture which had been left several weeks open to the air had become infected by a fungal colony. Of more interest was the fact that there was an area surrounding the fungal colony where the bacterial colonies were dying. He correctly concluded that the fungal ...
Microbial metabolism
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe’s ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles.== Types of microbial metabolism ==All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesising cell mass: autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2) heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing: chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds phototrophic – energy is obtained from lightIn practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows: chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Knallgas-bacteria photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. Examples: Cyanobacteria (water (H2O) as reducing equivalent donor), Chlorobiaceae, Chromatiaceae (hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as reducing equivalent donor), Chloroflexus (hydrogen (H2) as reducing equivalent donor) chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2). Examples: some Thiobacilus, some Beggiatoa, some Nitrobacter spp., Wolinella (with H2 as reducing equivalent donor), some Knallgas-bacteria, some sulfate-reducing bacteria chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Examples: most bacteria, e. g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Actinobacteria photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodocyclus, Heliobacterium, Chloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)