Biosynthetic Potentials of Metabolites and Their
... network (see for example [7]). A characteristic of most of the applied approaches is that it is in general not possible to reconstruct the original metabolic network from the graph, since in the simplification process important biochemical information is lost. Moreover, graph theoretical results may ...
... network (see for example [7]). A characteristic of most of the applied approaches is that it is in general not possible to reconstruct the original metabolic network from the graph, since in the simplification process important biochemical information is lost. Moreover, graph theoretical results may ...
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase
... These highly toxic compounds react with “vicinal” dithiols such as the functional group of lipoamide. ...
... These highly toxic compounds react with “vicinal” dithiols such as the functional group of lipoamide. ...
Mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation alterations in heart failure
... from PDH (Olowe and Schulz, 1980). In addition, NADH produced from glucose oxidation inhibits 3-hydroxy acyl CoA dehydrogenase, one of the fatty acid oxidation enzymes (Eaton et al., 1998). Because the amount of ATP produced per O2 consumed is greater with when glucose is oxidized compared to fatty ...
... from PDH (Olowe and Schulz, 1980). In addition, NADH produced from glucose oxidation inhibits 3-hydroxy acyl CoA dehydrogenase, one of the fatty acid oxidation enzymes (Eaton et al., 1998). Because the amount of ATP produced per O2 consumed is greater with when glucose is oxidized compared to fatty ...
ATP regulation in bioproduction
... The enhanced yields of ATP generated by the overexpression of enzymes that catalyze ATP biosynthesis are critical for increasing the ATP supply and the yields of target compounds (Fig. 2). Deletion of the gene encoding non-ATP-generating acetic acid synthetic aldehyde dehydrogenase of Caldicellulosi ...
... The enhanced yields of ATP generated by the overexpression of enzymes that catalyze ATP biosynthesis are critical for increasing the ATP supply and the yields of target compounds (Fig. 2). Deletion of the gene encoding non-ATP-generating acetic acid synthetic aldehyde dehydrogenase of Caldicellulosi ...
Life 9e - Garvness
... 41. Photophosphorylation provides the Calvin–Benson cycle with a. protons and electrons. b. CO2 and glucose. c. water and photons. d. light and chlorophyll. e. ATP and NADPH. Answer: e Textbook Reference: 10.2 How Does Photosynthesis Convert Light Energy into Chemical Energy? Page: 198 Bloom’s Categ ...
... 41. Photophosphorylation provides the Calvin–Benson cycle with a. protons and electrons. b. CO2 and glucose. c. water and photons. d. light and chlorophyll. e. ATP and NADPH. Answer: e Textbook Reference: 10.2 How Does Photosynthesis Convert Light Energy into Chemical Energy? Page: 198 Bloom’s Categ ...
Metabolism in the pre-implantation oocyte and embryo
... effective fluorescent probes that react with specific enzymes or substrate, combined with improved accessibility to confocal microscopy technology has improved the measurement of the metabolism at the single oocyte and embryo level as it has the capacity to combine information on quantification and ...
... effective fluorescent probes that react with specific enzymes or substrate, combined with improved accessibility to confocal microscopy technology has improved the measurement of the metabolism at the single oocyte and embryo level as it has the capacity to combine information on quantification and ...
lecture6
... Another problem arises with the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Consider linoleate, a C18 polyunsaturated fattyacid with cis-D 9 and cis-D 12 double bonds (Figure 22.10). The cis-D 3 double bond formed after three rounds of b oxidation is converted into a trans-D 2 double bond by the afore ...
... Another problem arises with the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Consider linoleate, a C18 polyunsaturated fattyacid with cis-D 9 and cis-D 12 double bonds (Figure 22.10). The cis-D 3 double bond formed after three rounds of b oxidation is converted into a trans-D 2 double bond by the afore ...
FREE Sample Here
... 26. (p. 41) Blood has a pH ranging from 7.35 to 7.45. Slight deviations from this can cause major problems or even death. You are doing an intense workout, and your skeletal muscle cells are producing metabolic acids such as lactic acid. Your blood pH does not drop significantly in spite of the meta ...
... 26. (p. 41) Blood has a pH ranging from 7.35 to 7.45. Slight deviations from this can cause major problems or even death. You are doing an intense workout, and your skeletal muscle cells are producing metabolic acids such as lactic acid. Your blood pH does not drop significantly in spite of the meta ...
Variability of Wax Ester Fermentation in Natural and Bleached
... metabolism in Euglena differs from that in Chlamydomonas in that it employs some enzymes shared with hydrogenosomes, but generates very different end products. Several Euglena species can grow at very low oxygen concentrations (Buetow 1989a): Euglena gracilis can survive up to 6 mo of hypoxia when g ...
... metabolism in Euglena differs from that in Chlamydomonas in that it employs some enzymes shared with hydrogenosomes, but generates very different end products. Several Euglena species can grow at very low oxygen concentrations (Buetow 1989a): Euglena gracilis can survive up to 6 mo of hypoxia when g ...
File
... not too surprising that it is the most abundant element. The second most abundant element, silicon, is found throughout the earth’s crust in silica and silicate minerals that form the basis of most sand, rocks, and soils. Again, it is not too surprising that silicon is the second most abundant eleme ...
... not too surprising that it is the most abundant element. The second most abundant element, silicon, is found throughout the earth’s crust in silica and silicate minerals that form the basis of most sand, rocks, and soils. Again, it is not too surprising that silicon is the second most abundant eleme ...
Oxidation and biosynthesis of fatty acids
... THE CONTROL OF FATTY ACID METABOLISM Acetyl CoA carboxylase plays an essential role in regulating fatty acid synthesis and degradation. The carboxylase is controlled by hormones: ...
... THE CONTROL OF FATTY ACID METABOLISM Acetyl CoA carboxylase plays an essential role in regulating fatty acid synthesis and degradation. The carboxylase is controlled by hormones: ...
Gluconeogenesis - Creighton Chemistry Webserver
... Broken down by FBPase-2 PFK-2 and FBPase-2 are two distinct enzyme activities on 1 protein Balance of the 2 activities in the liver, which determines cellular level of F2,6BP, is regulated by glucagon Glucagon - released by pancreas to signal low blood sugar ...
... Broken down by FBPase-2 PFK-2 and FBPase-2 are two distinct enzyme activities on 1 protein Balance of the 2 activities in the liver, which determines cellular level of F2,6BP, is regulated by glucagon Glucagon - released by pancreas to signal low blood sugar ...
INTERORGAN AMMONIA TRAFFICKING
... • Glutaminase - 80 % in small bowel and 20% in large bowel • High glutaminase activity in small intestine mucosa produce glutamate and ammonia from glutamine • Large bowel utilize less glutamine but utilize glucose, short chain fatty acid and ketones • Large intestine contribute significantly to por ...
... • Glutaminase - 80 % in small bowel and 20% in large bowel • High glutaminase activity in small intestine mucosa produce glutamate and ammonia from glutamine • Large bowel utilize less glutamine but utilize glucose, short chain fatty acid and ketones • Large intestine contribute significantly to por ...
No Slide Title
... Broken down by FBPase-2 PFK-2 and FBPase-2 are two distinct enzyme activities on 1 protein Balance of the 2 activities in the liver, which determines cellular level of F2,6BP, is regulated by glucagon Glucagon - released by pancreas to signal low blood sugar ...
... Broken down by FBPase-2 PFK-2 and FBPase-2 are two distinct enzyme activities on 1 protein Balance of the 2 activities in the liver, which determines cellular level of F2,6BP, is regulated by glucagon Glucagon - released by pancreas to signal low blood sugar ...
lecture6
... The oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids presents some difficulties, yet many such fatty acids are available in the diet. Most of the reactions are the same as those for saturated fatty acids. In fact, only two additional enzymes an isomerase and a reductase are needed to degrade a wide range of uns ...
... The oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids presents some difficulties, yet many such fatty acids are available in the diet. Most of the reactions are the same as those for saturated fatty acids. In fact, only two additional enzymes an isomerase and a reductase are needed to degrade a wide range of uns ...
glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and the pentose phosphate pathway
... groups appear to have three functions. 1. Because the plasma membrane generally lacks transporters for phosphorylated sugars, the phosphorylated glycolytic intermediates cannot leave the cell. After the initial phosphorylation, no further energy is necessary to retain phosphorylated intermediates in ...
... groups appear to have three functions. 1. Because the plasma membrane generally lacks transporters for phosphorylated sugars, the phosphorylated glycolytic intermediates cannot leave the cell. After the initial phosphorylation, no further energy is necessary to retain phosphorylated intermediates in ...
Fritz Lipmann - Nobel Lecture
... observation immediately suggested a rather sweeping biochemical significance, of transformations of electron transfer potential, respiratory or fermentative, to phosphate bond energy and therefrom to a wide range of biosynthetic reactions7. There was a further unusual feature in this pyruvate oxidat ...
... observation immediately suggested a rather sweeping biochemical significance, of transformations of electron transfer potential, respiratory or fermentative, to phosphate bond energy and therefrom to a wide range of biosynthetic reactions7. There was a further unusual feature in this pyruvate oxidat ...
Enzymic activity of salivary amylase when bound
... The work described here shows that salivary amylase is enzymatically active when bound to the surface of oral streptococci and that the resultant amylolytic products of starch degradation can be utilised by most organisms, with the subsequent production of acid. In contrast, strains of oral streptoc ...
... The work described here shows that salivary amylase is enzymatically active when bound to the surface of oral streptococci and that the resultant amylolytic products of starch degradation can be utilised by most organisms, with the subsequent production of acid. In contrast, strains of oral streptoc ...
Abiotic and Biotic Factors Regulating Inter
... specifically, how do microbes, whether associated initially with the insect or the remains, play a role in regulating arthropod detection, attraction, and colonization of decomposing remains? While research in this arena is still in its infancy, early data indicate bacteria associated with decomposi ...
... specifically, how do microbes, whether associated initially with the insect or the remains, play a role in regulating arthropod detection, attraction, and colonization of decomposing remains? While research in this arena is still in its infancy, early data indicate bacteria associated with decomposi ...
FATTY ACID CATABOLISM
... osmolarity of the cytosol, and they are unsolvated. (In storage polysaccharides, by contrast, water of solvation can account for two-thirds of the overall weight of the stored molecules.) And because of their relative chemical inertness, triacylglycerols can be stored in large quantity in cells with ...
... osmolarity of the cytosol, and they are unsolvated. (In storage polysaccharides, by contrast, water of solvation can account for two-thirds of the overall weight of the stored molecules.) And because of their relative chemical inertness, triacylglycerols can be stored in large quantity in cells with ...
Microbial metabolism
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe’s ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles.== Types of microbial metabolism ==All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesising cell mass: autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2) heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing: chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds phototrophic – energy is obtained from lightIn practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows: chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Knallgas-bacteria photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. Examples: Cyanobacteria (water (H2O) as reducing equivalent donor), Chlorobiaceae, Chromatiaceae (hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as reducing equivalent donor), Chloroflexus (hydrogen (H2) as reducing equivalent donor) chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2). Examples: some Thiobacilus, some Beggiatoa, some Nitrobacter spp., Wolinella (with H2 as reducing equivalent donor), some Knallgas-bacteria, some sulfate-reducing bacteria chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Examples: most bacteria, e. g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Actinobacteria photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodocyclus, Heliobacterium, Chloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)