Intermediary metabolism
... tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle by condensing with oxaloacetate to form citrate. A series of oxidation reactions then ensue with the result that two carbons are expelled as CO2, (G/A)TP is produced and the electron carriers (NAD+ and FAD+) are reduced. Finally, the cycle is completed when oxaloacetat ...
... tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle by condensing with oxaloacetate to form citrate. A series of oxidation reactions then ensue with the result that two carbons are expelled as CO2, (G/A)TP is produced and the electron carriers (NAD+ and FAD+) are reduced. Finally, the cycle is completed when oxaloacetat ...
1 High resolution metabolomics with acyl
... resulting enhanced sensitivity could allow for robust profiling of acyl-CoA compounds. First for metabolite assignments, a targeted MS/MS was performed (Fig. 1B and Table 1), and the major fragment ions are listed in Table 1. A representative MS/MS spectra and major fragment ion structure assignment ...
... resulting enhanced sensitivity could allow for robust profiling of acyl-CoA compounds. First for metabolite assignments, a targeted MS/MS was performed (Fig. 1B and Table 1), and the major fragment ions are listed in Table 1. A representative MS/MS spectra and major fragment ion structure assignment ...
Luminaries - Oxford Academic
... was formed when citrate was oxidized using liver and cucumber seeds and suggested cis-aconitate and isocitrate were intermediates.5,6 Wagner-Jauregg and Rauen identified that isocitrate behaved similarly in cucumber seed extracts.7 This led Dr. Krebs to question whether the 4 carbon acid salts were ...
... was formed when citrate was oxidized using liver and cucumber seeds and suggested cis-aconitate and isocitrate were intermediates.5,6 Wagner-Jauregg and Rauen identified that isocitrate behaved similarly in cucumber seed extracts.7 This led Dr. Krebs to question whether the 4 carbon acid salts were ...
as a PDF
... Systemic pH regulation was seen to involve two principal organs: the lungs, which adjust the pCO2 and the kidneys excreting acid or generating bicarbonate. The kidney of omnivorous mammals provides several mechanisms to counteract the development of metabolic acidosis: proximal tubular bicarbonate r ...
... Systemic pH regulation was seen to involve two principal organs: the lungs, which adjust the pCO2 and the kidneys excreting acid or generating bicarbonate. The kidney of omnivorous mammals provides several mechanisms to counteract the development of metabolic acidosis: proximal tubular bicarbonate r ...
Biology: Concepts and Connections, 6e (Campbell)
... C) It contains the six-carbon sugar hexose. يحتوي على جزيء من قاعدة نيتروجينية يسمى االدنين ...
... C) It contains the six-carbon sugar hexose. يحتوي على جزيء من قاعدة نيتروجينية يسمى االدنين ...
Allicin, a naturally occurring antibiotic from garlic, specifically inhibits
... chloroplasts were inhibited to a similar extent with an inhibition rate of 85% at a concentration of 100 PM allicin. To identify the target enzyme of allicin, we applied an enzyme system capable of incorporating different radioactive precursors into fatty acids. Allicin inhibits the incorporation of ...
... chloroplasts were inhibited to a similar extent with an inhibition rate of 85% at a concentration of 100 PM allicin. To identify the target enzyme of allicin, we applied an enzyme system capable of incorporating different radioactive precursors into fatty acids. Allicin inhibits the incorporation of ...
http://doc.rero.ch
... and determined the amount of donor tyrosyl radical cation accumulated at this point through intramolecular ET, again correcting for competing intermolecular reactions. The latter studies showed that side chains that are comparably easy to oxidize, like tryptophan, methionine or di- and trimethoxy ph ...
... and determined the amount of donor tyrosyl radical cation accumulated at this point through intramolecular ET, again correcting for competing intermolecular reactions. The latter studies showed that side chains that are comparably easy to oxidize, like tryptophan, methionine or di- and trimethoxy ph ...
26. oxidation of amino acids
... mino acids are the final class of biomolecules whose oxidation makes a significant contribution towards generation of metabolic energy. The fraction of metabolic energy derived from amino acids varies greatly with the type of organism and with the metabolic situation in which an organism finds itsel ...
... mino acids are the final class of biomolecules whose oxidation makes a significant contribution towards generation of metabolic energy. The fraction of metabolic energy derived from amino acids varies greatly with the type of organism and with the metabolic situation in which an organism finds itsel ...
the effect of ozone on photosynthesis and respiration of
... fleet the affection of one or more enzyme systems by fluoride. Enzymes, coenzymes or activators may be the targets of the pollutant (MCCUNE and WEINSTEIN, 1971 [16]). Fluoride is known as an enzyme inhibitor; such enzymes as enolase (WARBURG and CHRISTIAN, 1942 [17]), phosphoglucomutase (CHUNG and ...
... fleet the affection of one or more enzyme systems by fluoride. Enzymes, coenzymes or activators may be the targets of the pollutant (MCCUNE and WEINSTEIN, 1971 [16]). Fluoride is known as an enzyme inhibitor; such enzymes as enolase (WARBURG and CHRISTIAN, 1942 [17]), phosphoglucomutase (CHUNG and ...
Fatty Acids :biosynthesis
... additional enzymes. Products are as for palmitate. • An odd number of saturated carbons does not require any additional enzymes. Same products plus one propionyl CoA. • Unsaturated fatty acids require additional enzymes. Same products, but less energy, compared to O saturated fatty acid the same len ...
... additional enzymes. Products are as for palmitate. • An odd number of saturated carbons does not require any additional enzymes. Same products plus one propionyl CoA. • Unsaturated fatty acids require additional enzymes. Same products, but less energy, compared to O saturated fatty acid the same len ...
PDF - DigiNole! - Florida State University
... diketo-D-gluconic acid reductase.1,2 These genetic manipulations have resulted in bacteria that can directly produce 2-KLG from D-glucose. In principle, this method may have considerable advantage over the currently used Reichstein and Grussner synthesis, which involves numerous chemical steps in ad ...
... diketo-D-gluconic acid reductase.1,2 These genetic manipulations have resulted in bacteria that can directly produce 2-KLG from D-glucose. In principle, this method may have considerable advantage over the currently used Reichstein and Grussner synthesis, which involves numerous chemical steps in ad ...
Electron Transport, NADPH Turnover, and Metabolism of Reactive
... NDex(NADH), as reviewed previously (76). In some investigations (e.g. 60), platanetin was used as a diagnostic inhibitor to identify NDex activity. However, platanetin was later shown to inhibit all five NAD(P)H dehydrogenases in plant mitochondria, with KI value of 4–15 µM for the four rotenone-ins ...
... NDex(NADH), as reviewed previously (76). In some investigations (e.g. 60), platanetin was used as a diagnostic inhibitor to identify NDex activity. However, platanetin was later shown to inhibit all five NAD(P)H dehydrogenases in plant mitochondria, with KI value of 4–15 µM for the four rotenone-ins ...
Introduction to Carbohydrates
... Peripheral tissues possessing mitochondria can oxidize 3hydroxybutyrate to acetoacetate, which can be reconverted to acetyl CoA, thus producing energy for the cell. Unlike fatty acids, ketone bodies can be utilized by the brain and, therefore, are important fuels during a fast. The liver lacks ...
... Peripheral tissues possessing mitochondria can oxidize 3hydroxybutyrate to acetoacetate, which can be reconverted to acetyl CoA, thus producing energy for the cell. Unlike fatty acids, ketone bodies can be utilized by the brain and, therefore, are important fuels during a fast. The liver lacks ...
Molecular Modeling of Substrate Binding in Wild
... genetically modified bacteria expressing the gene for 2,5 diketo-D-gluconic acid reductase.1,2 These genetic manipulations have resulted in bacteria that can directly produce 2-KLG from D-glucose. In principle, this method may have considerable advantage over the currently used Reichstein and Grussn ...
... genetically modified bacteria expressing the gene for 2,5 diketo-D-gluconic acid reductase.1,2 These genetic manipulations have resulted in bacteria that can directly produce 2-KLG from D-glucose. In principle, this method may have considerable advantage over the currently used Reichstein and Grussn ...
Fermentation of Glucose and Xylose to Hydrogen in the Presence of
... quotations, or any other material from the work of other people included in my thesis, published or otherwise, are fully acknowledged in accordance with the standard referencing practices. Furthermore, to the extent that I have included copyrighted material that surpasses the bounds of fair dealing ...
... quotations, or any other material from the work of other people included in my thesis, published or otherwise, are fully acknowledged in accordance with the standard referencing practices. Furthermore, to the extent that I have included copyrighted material that surpasses the bounds of fair dealing ...
PFK - ePrints USM
... proportion of our planet is cold. Two-third of sea water covering more than 70% of planet earth is cold deep sea water with temperature around 2 oC and more than 90% of freshwater is in polar ice-sheets and mountain glaciers (Kohshima, 2000). Psychrophiles are extremophilic organisms that are capabl ...
... proportion of our planet is cold. Two-third of sea water covering more than 70% of planet earth is cold deep sea water with temperature around 2 oC and more than 90% of freshwater is in polar ice-sheets and mountain glaciers (Kohshima, 2000). Psychrophiles are extremophilic organisms that are capabl ...
The Activity of Steroids as Growth Factors for a
... by changing the orientation of, or esterifying, the C3 hydroxyl, by saturating the double bond, or by introducing C22(23) unsaturation (or making more radical alterations) in the tail of the cholesterol molecule. The experiments reported above make it possible to specify further that: (1) Only stero ...
... by changing the orientation of, or esterifying, the C3 hydroxyl, by saturating the double bond, or by introducing C22(23) unsaturation (or making more radical alterations) in the tail of the cholesterol molecule. The experiments reported above make it possible to specify further that: (1) Only stero ...
추가8
... Oxidation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G-3-P) is a complex process (reaction 6) Substrate oxidized after interaction with sulfhydryl Bound NADH exchanged for NAD+ Enzyme displaced by addition of inorganic phosphate ...
... Oxidation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G-3-P) is a complex process (reaction 6) Substrate oxidized after interaction with sulfhydryl Bound NADH exchanged for NAD+ Enzyme displaced by addition of inorganic phosphate ...
Module 2 General principles of metabolism. Мetabolism of carbohy
... E. * All reactions produce some heat. 17. Active holoenzymes are formed from ____________ in the presence of _________. A. Cofactors; proteins B. Proteins; cofactors C. * Apoenzymes; cofactors D. Apoenzymes; proteins E. Apoenzymes; inactive holoenzymes 18. An allosteric inhibitor of an enzyme usual ...
... E. * All reactions produce some heat. 17. Active holoenzymes are formed from ____________ in the presence of _________. A. Cofactors; proteins B. Proteins; cofactors C. * Apoenzymes; cofactors D. Apoenzymes; proteins E. Apoenzymes; inactive holoenzymes 18. An allosteric inhibitor of an enzyme usual ...
Distribution and phylogenies of enzymes of the Embden
... has gained wide acceptance, although it has detractors. However, even a putative RNA-based “organism” could have arisen only from a prebiotic chemical environment conducive to its existence (Poole et al. 1999). Although these theories and their associated predictions have done much to provide explan ...
... has gained wide acceptance, although it has detractors. However, even a putative RNA-based “organism” could have arisen only from a prebiotic chemical environment conducive to its existence (Poole et al. 1999). Although these theories and their associated predictions have done much to provide explan ...
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Metabolic engineering of for production
... acids at the low pH values where these compounds occur predominantly in their undissociated form. Production at these lower pH values with more acid-tolerant microorganisms, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, would reduce the cost for pH titrants and ensuing byproduct formation (e.g. gypsum). In addi ...
... acids at the low pH values where these compounds occur predominantly in their undissociated form. Production at these lower pH values with more acid-tolerant microorganisms, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, would reduce the cost for pH titrants and ensuing byproduct formation (e.g. gypsum). In addi ...
Microbial metabolism
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe’s ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles.== Types of microbial metabolism ==All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesising cell mass: autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2) heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing: chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds phototrophic – energy is obtained from lightIn practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows: chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Knallgas-bacteria photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. Examples: Cyanobacteria (water (H2O) as reducing equivalent donor), Chlorobiaceae, Chromatiaceae (hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as reducing equivalent donor), Chloroflexus (hydrogen (H2) as reducing equivalent donor) chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2). Examples: some Thiobacilus, some Beggiatoa, some Nitrobacter spp., Wolinella (with H2 as reducing equivalent donor), some Knallgas-bacteria, some sulfate-reducing bacteria chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Examples: most bacteria, e. g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Actinobacteria photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodocyclus, Heliobacterium, Chloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)