THE CELLULAR RESPIRATION SAGA II: THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE
... Operation: “Capture Electrons” • Step 3: Make an ATP by substrate‐level phosphorylation • CO2 is released • More NADH is made • Left with 4 C molecule ...
... Operation: “Capture Electrons” • Step 3: Make an ATP by substrate‐level phosphorylation • CO2 is released • More NADH is made • Left with 4 C molecule ...
melgarejo richard
... 5. Response to the environment-the act of protecting yourself for survival. 6. Homeostasis-regulatory mechanisms maintain an organism’s internal environment within tolerable limits, even though the external environment may fluctuate. 7. Evolutionary adaptation-life evolves as a result of the interac ...
... 5. Response to the environment-the act of protecting yourself for survival. 6. Homeostasis-regulatory mechanisms maintain an organism’s internal environment within tolerable limits, even though the external environment may fluctuate. 7. Evolutionary adaptation-life evolves as a result of the interac ...
Team Hockey: Glucose and ATP
... • What is the maximum amount of ATP that can be yielded from one glucose molecule? • How much of a cell’s energy is obtained from glucose? • Which process produces the majority of a cell’s ATP? ...
... • What is the maximum amount of ATP that can be yielded from one glucose molecule? • How much of a cell’s energy is obtained from glucose? • Which process produces the majority of a cell’s ATP? ...
... alternative energy sources are becoming exceedingly important. Hydrogen is a promising alternative fuel because of its clean, renewable and high energy content of 122 kJ g – 1 which is 2.75 times greater than the hydrocarbon fuels [1]. For hydrogen production, the biological process is the most attr ...
electron transport chain
... glucose NADH electron transport chain proton-motive force ATP • About 34% of the energy in a glucose molecule is transferred to ATP during cellular respiration, making about 32 ATP • There are several reasons why the number of ATP is not known exactly © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
... glucose NADH electron transport chain proton-motive force ATP • About 34% of the energy in a glucose molecule is transferred to ATP during cellular respiration, making about 32 ATP • There are several reasons why the number of ATP is not known exactly © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
AP Chemistry Summer Assignment
... 51. When Hydrogen sulfide gas, H2S, reacts with oxygen, Sulfur dioxide gas and steam are produced. a. Write the balanced chemical equation for this reaction. b. How many liters of sulfur dioxide would be produced from 4.0 L of Oxygen? Assume 100% yield and that all gases are measured at the same tem ...
... 51. When Hydrogen sulfide gas, H2S, reacts with oxygen, Sulfur dioxide gas and steam are produced. a. Write the balanced chemical equation for this reaction. b. How many liters of sulfur dioxide would be produced from 4.0 L of Oxygen? Assume 100% yield and that all gases are measured at the same tem ...
Work and Energy in Muscles
... over as important energy sources. There are approximately 20 grams of glucose in blood and extracellular fluids. Most of the glucose measured in the blood comes from breakdown of liver glycogen. Adrenalin, noradrenalin and glucagon activate liver phosphorylase and initiate this release. These same h ...
... over as important energy sources. There are approximately 20 grams of glucose in blood and extracellular fluids. Most of the glucose measured in the blood comes from breakdown of liver glycogen. Adrenalin, noradrenalin and glucagon activate liver phosphorylase and initiate this release. These same h ...
Energy - My CCSD
... Energy is usually released when bonds are broken and needed to put bonds together All living organisms must be able to produce, store, and use energy. Our food energy must always be converted to ATP energy to be useful to our cells ...
... Energy is usually released when bonds are broken and needed to put bonds together All living organisms must be able to produce, store, and use energy. Our food energy must always be converted to ATP energy to be useful to our cells ...
Stabilization of carbanions
... The hydride is accommodated at C4 of the nicotinamide! ring; note that C4 of NADH is prochiral.! ...
... The hydride is accommodated at C4 of the nicotinamide! ring; note that C4 of NADH is prochiral.! ...
Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
... • In lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate is reduced to NADH, forming lactate as an end product, with no release of CO2 • Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt • Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is ...
... • In lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate is reduced to NADH, forming lactate as an end product, with no release of CO2 • Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt • Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is ...
Carbohydrate and sugar structure
... Photoautotrophs - acquire free energy from sunlight Chemolithotrophs – obtain free energy from oxidation of inorganic compounds such as NH3, H2S, or Fe2+. ...
... Photoautotrophs - acquire free energy from sunlight Chemolithotrophs – obtain free energy from oxidation of inorganic compounds such as NH3, H2S, or Fe2+. ...
Ecology
... • Within a community of species, there are various interactions that can exist. When two species interact closely together it is called symbiosis (which means “living together”). • In competition, two organisms compete for limited resources [i.e. food, water, space]. – Two of the same species; EX ma ...
... • Within a community of species, there are various interactions that can exist. When two species interact closely together it is called symbiosis (which means “living together”). • In competition, two organisms compete for limited resources [i.e. food, water, space]. – Two of the same species; EX ma ...
fiii Fli I`.,
... air, no animals can, but certain bacteria can. It is through nitrogen-fixing bacteria that atmospheric nitrogen enters the biosphere-the domain of living things. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria are organisms that reduce atnxospheric nitrogen to ammonia, a water-solubleform of nitrogen that can be usedbypla ...
... air, no animals can, but certain bacteria can. It is through nitrogen-fixing bacteria that atmospheric nitrogen enters the biosphere-the domain of living things. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria are organisms that reduce atnxospheric nitrogen to ammonia, a water-solubleform of nitrogen that can be usedbypla ...
11.lec11_biochemical-cycles - Lightweight OCW University of
... Dr.-Eng. Hasan Hamouda Eng. Osama Othman ...
... Dr.-Eng. Hasan Hamouda Eng. Osama Othman ...
AP Biology Chapter Objectives – Campbell 7th Edition Modified from
... 10. Identify where substrate-level phosphorylation and the reduction of NAD+ occur in glycolysis. 11. Describe where pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl CoA, what molecules are produced, and how this process links glycolysis to the citric acid cycle. 12. List the products of the citric acid cycle. Explai ...
... 10. Identify where substrate-level phosphorylation and the reduction of NAD+ occur in glycolysis. 11. Describe where pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl CoA, what molecules are produced, and how this process links glycolysis to the citric acid cycle. 12. List the products of the citric acid cycle. Explai ...
Final Review Answers BIOCHEMISTRY Chapter 3 Water and the
... excess ATP inhibits the enzyme by altering the conformation of the enzyme, stopping glycolysis. Both oxidative and substrate level produce ATP. Substrate level phosphorylation occurs when an enzyme, a kinase, transfers phosphate from a substrate directly to ADP. Oxidative phosphorylation occurs duri ...
... excess ATP inhibits the enzyme by altering the conformation of the enzyme, stopping glycolysis. Both oxidative and substrate level produce ATP. Substrate level phosphorylation occurs when an enzyme, a kinase, transfers phosphate from a substrate directly to ADP. Oxidative phosphorylation occurs duri ...
Ch14
... 6. Pulse-Chase experiments have been crucial in figuring out metabolic pathways. This takes advantage of using radioactive molecules in which only one or particular atoms have been made radioactive and it is rather easy to measure these as they become transformed by metabolism. The beauty of it is t ...
... 6. Pulse-Chase experiments have been crucial in figuring out metabolic pathways. This takes advantage of using radioactive molecules in which only one or particular atoms have been made radioactive and it is rather easy to measure these as they become transformed by metabolism. The beauty of it is t ...
Biology 1 Exam III F'04test.doc
... Sexual life cycles produce genetic variation in offspring by: a. independent assortment of chromosomes. b. crossing over between nonsister chromatids. c. random fertilization. d. Only two of the above answers are correct e. All of the above answers are correct. Gametes are examples of: a. haploid ce ...
... Sexual life cycles produce genetic variation in offspring by: a. independent assortment of chromosomes. b. crossing over between nonsister chromatids. c. random fertilization. d. Only two of the above answers are correct e. All of the above answers are correct. Gametes are examples of: a. haploid ce ...
You Light Up My Life
... • Carried out by certain bacteria • Electron transfer chain is in bacterial plasma membrane • Final electron acceptor is compound from environment (such as nitrate), not oxygen • ATP yield is low ...
... • Carried out by certain bacteria • Electron transfer chain is in bacterial plasma membrane • Final electron acceptor is compound from environment (such as nitrate), not oxygen • ATP yield is low ...
oxidize
... Catabolic pathways and ATP production • Catabolic pathways release energy by breaking down large molecules into smaller ones • The energy is potential energy in the form of the chemical bonds which hold these large molecules together • This energy is used phosphorylate ADP to make ATP (and it also ...
... Catabolic pathways and ATP production • Catabolic pathways release energy by breaking down large molecules into smaller ones • The energy is potential energy in the form of the chemical bonds which hold these large molecules together • This energy is used phosphorylate ADP to make ATP (and it also ...
Slide 1
... The Chemistry of Carbon Carbon atoms have four valence electrons, allowing them to form strong covalent bonds with many other elements, including hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, and nitrogen. Living organisms are made up of molecules that consist of carbon and these other elements. Organic com ...
... The Chemistry of Carbon Carbon atoms have four valence electrons, allowing them to form strong covalent bonds with many other elements, including hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, and nitrogen. Living organisms are made up of molecules that consist of carbon and these other elements. Organic com ...
Bacteria Reproduction
... binary fission: Type of asexual reproduction in bacteria where a single cell divides into two cells. conjugation: Transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another. transduction: DNA transfer from one bacterium to another by a virus. transformation: Picking up pieces of DNA from a bacterium’s environmen ...
... binary fission: Type of asexual reproduction in bacteria where a single cell divides into two cells. conjugation: Transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another. transduction: DNA transfer from one bacterium to another by a virus. transformation: Picking up pieces of DNA from a bacterium’s environmen ...
Microbial metabolism
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe’s ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles.== Types of microbial metabolism ==All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesising cell mass: autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2) heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing: chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds phototrophic – energy is obtained from lightIn practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows: chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Knallgas-bacteria photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. Examples: Cyanobacteria (water (H2O) as reducing equivalent donor), Chlorobiaceae, Chromatiaceae (hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as reducing equivalent donor), Chloroflexus (hydrogen (H2) as reducing equivalent donor) chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2). Examples: some Thiobacilus, some Beggiatoa, some Nitrobacter spp., Wolinella (with H2 as reducing equivalent donor), some Knallgas-bacteria, some sulfate-reducing bacteria chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Examples: most bacteria, e. g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Actinobacteria photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodocyclus, Heliobacterium, Chloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)