17 The Citric Acid Cycle: The latabolism of Acetyl
... I The major function of the citric acid cycle is to act I the final common pathway for the oxidation of carihydrate, lipids, and protein, since glucose, fatty Is, and many amino acids are all metabolized to tylCoA or intermediates of the cycle. It also plays |major role in gluconeogenesis, transamin ...
... I The major function of the citric acid cycle is to act I the final common pathway for the oxidation of carihydrate, lipids, and protein, since glucose, fatty Is, and many amino acids are all metabolized to tylCoA or intermediates of the cycle. It also plays |major role in gluconeogenesis, transamin ...
Aerobic Energy Systems
... Slow component - removal of lactate / lactic acid; By oxidation / energy production; Conversion to replenishment of glycogen (glucose) by reconverting lactic acid into pyruvate and continuing through the aerobic processes of Kreb’s cycle and electron transport chain; Some converted to protein / some ...
... Slow component - removal of lactate / lactic acid; By oxidation / energy production; Conversion to replenishment of glycogen (glucose) by reconverting lactic acid into pyruvate and continuing through the aerobic processes of Kreb’s cycle and electron transport chain; Some converted to protein / some ...
Nutritional Requirements in Fermentation
... and diverse, including fungi and the great majority of the bacteria. The chemoheterotrophs are of great commercial importance. This category may be subdivided into respiratory organisms, which couple the oxidation of organic substrates with the reduction of an inorganic oxidizing agent (electron acc ...
... and diverse, including fungi and the great majority of the bacteria. The chemoheterotrophs are of great commercial importance. This category may be subdivided into respiratory organisms, which couple the oxidation of organic substrates with the reduction of an inorganic oxidizing agent (electron acc ...
Lecture 1 Course overview and intro to enzymes
... Chloroplast photosystem: the Z scheme system II water splitting and proton gradient system I making reducing equivalents cytb6f: linking photosystems II and I water splitting complex: where those e come from Chloroplast compartments lumen of the thylakoid membrane Other light-harvesting complex bact ...
... Chloroplast photosystem: the Z scheme system II water splitting and proton gradient system I making reducing equivalents cytb6f: linking photosystems II and I water splitting complex: where those e come from Chloroplast compartments lumen of the thylakoid membrane Other light-harvesting complex bact ...
7.2 Glycolysis
... Glycolysis only transfers about 2.2% of the energy in 1 glucose Most of the energy is still stored in the 2 pyruvate molecules and the 2 NADH molecules The energy produced by glycolysis is not enough to support multi-cellular organism, it is however enough to support ...
... Glycolysis only transfers about 2.2% of the energy in 1 glucose Most of the energy is still stored in the 2 pyruvate molecules and the 2 NADH molecules The energy produced by glycolysis is not enough to support multi-cellular organism, it is however enough to support ...
The early evolution of biological energy conservation
... as ancient as water on Earth [42] in which Fe2+ in the Earth’s crust reduces water in hydrothermal systems to H2 [42,62], and CO2 to carbon compounds that leave the vent through the effluent. Lost City effluent contains about 1 mM methane of abiogenic origin [49,60,61]. This is important because the t ...
... as ancient as water on Earth [42] in which Fe2+ in the Earth’s crust reduces water in hydrothermal systems to H2 [42,62], and CO2 to carbon compounds that leave the vent through the effluent. Lost City effluent contains about 1 mM methane of abiogenic origin [49,60,61]. This is important because the t ...
LIPID METABOLISM
... that block β oxidation. SO an initial α oxidation required to remove CH3 group ...
... that block β oxidation. SO an initial α oxidation required to remove CH3 group ...
Lesson_3_liver_function
... • Toxins can be oxidised, reduced, methylated or combined with another molecule to make them harmless. • Liver cells contain many enzymes that make toxins less toxic e.g. catalase breaks down hydrogen peroxide into …….. ...
... • Toxins can be oxidised, reduced, methylated or combined with another molecule to make them harmless. • Liver cells contain many enzymes that make toxins less toxic e.g. catalase breaks down hydrogen peroxide into …….. ...
Nutrition & Metabolism
... Phospholipids for membranes and myelin Cholesterol for membranes, vitamin D, steroid hormones, and bile salts ...
... Phospholipids for membranes and myelin Cholesterol for membranes, vitamin D, steroid hormones, and bile salts ...
CP Biology Ecology
... energy decreases for higher consumers It takes a large number of producers to support a small number of primary consumers It takes a large number of primary consumers to support a small number of secondary consumers ...
... energy decreases for higher consumers It takes a large number of producers to support a small number of primary consumers It takes a large number of primary consumers to support a small number of secondary consumers ...
EOC Biology Prep Reporting Category 5 Interdependence within
... the carbon cycle is often referred to as the carbonoxygen cycle? A Plants take in oxygen and combine it with carbon and hydrogen to make carbohydrates. B ...
... the carbon cycle is often referred to as the carbonoxygen cycle? A Plants take in oxygen and combine it with carbon and hydrogen to make carbohydrates. B ...
CHAPTERS 6 & 7
... Breathing supplies oxygen to our cells for use in cellular respiration and removes carbon dioxide • Breathing and cellular respiration are closely ...
... Breathing supplies oxygen to our cells for use in cellular respiration and removes carbon dioxide • Breathing and cellular respiration are closely ...
WATER - Biology Mad
... 2. The two ends (the head and the tail) of a fatty acid molecule have different properties – they are therefore polar molecules: a). The carboxyl end (= head) of the molecule is charged, and thus attracted to water molecules. It is said to be hydrophyllic, which means “water-loving”. b). The hydroca ...
... 2. The two ends (the head and the tail) of a fatty acid molecule have different properties – they are therefore polar molecules: a). The carboxyl end (= head) of the molecule is charged, and thus attracted to water molecules. It is said to be hydrophyllic, which means “water-loving”. b). The hydroca ...
From Fig - Jiamusi University
... protons and 2 electrons from NADH(+H+), and transfers electrons to FeS. The function of FeS is to transport electrons from FMN to ubiquinone. Iron-sulfur protein (FeS) is another component found in respiratory chain with the flavoproteins and with cytochrome b, and transports a single electron by th ...
... protons and 2 electrons from NADH(+H+), and transfers electrons to FeS. The function of FeS is to transport electrons from FMN to ubiquinone. Iron-sulfur protein (FeS) is another component found in respiratory chain with the flavoproteins and with cytochrome b, and transports a single electron by th ...
R2A Agar Product Information Page
... nitrogen, carbon and minerals in R2A Agar. Yeast Extract is a source of vitamins and trace elements. Dextrose serves as a carbon source in the formula. Soluble Starch aids in the recovery of injured organisms by absorbing toxic metabolic by-products. Dipotassium Phosphate is used to balance the pH, ...
... nitrogen, carbon and minerals in R2A Agar. Yeast Extract is a source of vitamins and trace elements. Dextrose serves as a carbon source in the formula. Soluble Starch aids in the recovery of injured organisms by absorbing toxic metabolic by-products. Dipotassium Phosphate is used to balance the pH, ...
Metabolism
... transfer potential couple the oxidation of carbon to the synthesis of ATP? glyceraldehyde-3-PO4 + NAD+ + HPO4 1,3 biphosphoglycerate + NADH + H+ 1,3 biphosphoglycerate + ADP 3phosphoglyceric acid + ATP ...
... transfer potential couple the oxidation of carbon to the synthesis of ATP? glyceraldehyde-3-PO4 + NAD+ + HPO4 1,3 biphosphoglycerate + NADH + H+ 1,3 biphosphoglycerate + ADP 3phosphoglyceric acid + ATP ...
Fatty acid catabolism leture2-3
... This condition is called “acidosis” which can lead to com or death. High concentration of ketone bodies in blood and urine is referred as “ketosis”. Due to high concentration of acetoacetate, which is converted to acetone, the breath and urine of theuntreated diabetic ...
... This condition is called “acidosis” which can lead to com or death. High concentration of ketone bodies in blood and urine is referred as “ketosis”. Due to high concentration of acetoacetate, which is converted to acetone, the breath and urine of theuntreated diabetic ...
cellular respiration
... • This exergonic flow of H+ is used by the enzyme to generate ATP. • This coupling of the redox reactions of the electron transport chain to ATP synthesis is called ...
... • This exergonic flow of H+ is used by the enzyme to generate ATP. • This coupling of the redox reactions of the electron transport chain to ATP synthesis is called ...
Ch 25 Powerpoint
... The Electron Transport System (ETS) Is the key reaction in oxidative phosphorylation Is in inner mitochondrial membrane Electrons carry chemical energy ...
... The Electron Transport System (ETS) Is the key reaction in oxidative phosphorylation Is in inner mitochondrial membrane Electrons carry chemical energy ...
Microbial metabolism
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe’s ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles.== Types of microbial metabolism ==All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesising cell mass: autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2) heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing: chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds phototrophic – energy is obtained from lightIn practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows: chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Knallgas-bacteria photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. Examples: Cyanobacteria (water (H2O) as reducing equivalent donor), Chlorobiaceae, Chromatiaceae (hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as reducing equivalent donor), Chloroflexus (hydrogen (H2) as reducing equivalent donor) chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2). Examples: some Thiobacilus, some Beggiatoa, some Nitrobacter spp., Wolinella (with H2 as reducing equivalent donor), some Knallgas-bacteria, some sulfate-reducing bacteria chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Examples: most bacteria, e. g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Actinobacteria photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodocyclus, Heliobacterium, Chloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)