Download EOC Biology Prep Reporting Category 5 Interdependence within

EOC Biology Prep Reporting Category 5 ­ Interdependence within
Environmental Systems
Some questions (c) 2012 by Region 10 Educational Service Center.
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1
2
The experiment shown above indicates
that some plants flower in response to­­
A long days
B
short days
C
long nights
D short nights
Which of the following is the best
explanation for the growth of the plant in
the diagram above?
F
The plant is growing towards the light
source.
G
There is not enough water in the soil to
keep the plant's stem rigid.
H
The plant has been over watered and is
beginning to fall.
J
Gravity is causing the plant stem to
grow toward the ground.
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3 Which of the following will most likely
disrupt the stability of an ecosystem?
A biodiversity among microorganisms,
fungi, plants, and animals
B
increased frequency of environmental
disturbances
C
constant recycling of waste and
nutrients
D ability to recover after a natural
disturbance
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4
According to the information in the chart, which species will most likely negatively impact the
balance of an ecosystem?
F
Species I
G
Species II
H
Species III
J
Species IV
5 Which statement best describes the
6 The ability of an ecosystem to maintain a
relationship between biodiversity and
steady equilibrium by responding to internal
environmental conditions in an ecosystem?
and external negative feedback
A The biodiversity of an ecosystem is
systems describes ­­
B
independent of its environmental
F
ecosystem homeostasis
conditions.
G
biotic potential of the ecosystem
Environmental conditions of an
H
environmental resistance to natural
ecosystem have no impact on its
potential for biodiversity.
C
The biodiversity of an ecosystem is
disasters
J
ecological succession within an
ecosystem
dependent on environmental conditions.
D Environmental conditions and diversity
of an ecosystem are unrelated.
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7 A chemical spill kills all of the nitrogen­
9 It is estimated that about one half of all
fixing bacteria in an ecosystem without
commercial fertilizers ever produced have
directly harming any other organisms.
been applied to crops in the last 20 years.
Which of the following processes in plants
Of this fertilizer, only about half is
will be affected first as a result of the loss
incorporated into plant tissue and the
of these bacteria?
remainder enters the environment. Which
A production of oxygen
of these natural cycles is this most likely to
B
production of water
C
production of sugars
impact?
A nitrogen
D production of amino acids
B
carbon
C
oxygen
D rock
8 It is estimated that about one half of all
commercial fertilizers ever produced have
been applied to crops in the last 20 years.
10
Some species of fungi, protists, and
Of this fertilizer, only about half is
bacteria all play a vital role in every
incorporated into plant tissue and the
biogeochemical cycle. Which best
remainder enters the environment. Which
identifies the function of these
of the following is the most likely result of
organisms? this nitrogen pollution?
F
releasing oxygen into the atmosphere
F
increase of ozone in the atmosphere
G
inhibiting the growth of other
G
algal blooms in ponds, lakes, and
streams
H
global warming
J
melting of polar ice caps
organisms in an ecosystem
H
taking energy from the environment
and producing organic molecules
J
returning basic nutrients back to the
ecosystem so that they can be used
by other organisms
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11
Which cycle would be affected to the
greatest extent by the destruction of the
Earth’s huge rainforests?
A water cycle
B
carbon cycle
C
nitrogen cycle
D None of these is greatly affected.
12
Although organisms from every kingdom
play a role in all biogeochemical cycles,
which essential role can only be
performed by bacteria? 13
F
transpiration of water vapor
G
combustion of carbon compounds
H
decomposition of organic matter
J
fixing of nitrogen into nitrates
Which statement would best explain why
the carbon cycle is often referred to as
the carbon­oxygen cycle?
A Plants take in oxygen and combine it
with carbon and hydrogen to make
carbohydrates.
B
Carbon is usually found in the
atmosphere combined with oxygen as
carbon dioxide.
C
Oxygen is never found in the
atmosphere in any form except as
carbon dioxide.
D Animals cycle carbon by taking in
carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen in
respiration.
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14
In this simplified nitrogen cycle, which organism converts unusable nitrogen into a usable form? F
organism 1
G
organism 2
H
organism 3
J
organism 4
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15
Tribolium beetles feed on the eggs, larvae, and pupae of Oryzaephilus beetles. Oryzaephilus adults feed less vigorously
on Tribolium eggs. They do not eat Tribolium pupae or larvae at all.
Scientists experimenting with these two species of beetles grew them in two different cultures. In culture A, the two
species of beetles were grown together in plain flour. In culture B, the two species were grown in flour that had sections
of glass tubing scattered through it. According to the graphs above, the dip in the Tribolium population in culture B is most likely due to its —
A lack of food
B
increase in predators
C
lack of space
D increase in population
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16
Experimental Fields
Field
First
Number Year's
1
Average Yield of Corn
in Second Year
Crop
(kg/ha)
Vetch
2871
(legume)
2
Peas
3160
(legume)
3
Rye
1920
grass
4
No crop 1955
planted
Scientists designed the experiment shown
above in which they treated four
experimental fields differently. The vetch,
peas, and grass were plowed under after
their growing seasons. All four fields were
planted with corn the next year. The
table shows the amount of corn produced
per hectare of land for each of the
experimental fields. Which of the following
statements best explains the scientists'
results?
F
The legumes added nutrients to the
air, which the corn took in.
G
The rye grass provided more nutrients
than the legumes.
H
The field that was left bare had a
year to build up nutrients.
J
The legumes added nutrients to the
soil, which the corn took in.
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17
Yeast was added to a flask containing a water/nutrient mixture, and the yeast population was monitored over a twenty­
hour period. The results are shown on the graph above.
The graph shows that after 16 hours, the yeast population —
A has far more nutrient resources than it can use
B
is about to increase dramatically in numbers
C
is close to the carrying capacity of its habitat
D has stopped competing for limited resources
18
Scientists estimate that of all commercial
fertilizer ever produced, about one half
has been applied to crops in the last 20
years. Of this fertilizer, only about half is
incorporated into plant tissue and the
remainder enters the environment. Which
of the following is the most likely result of
this nitrogen pollution?
F
acid rain
G
algal blooms
H
global warming
J
extreme weather
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19
Yeast was added to a flask containing a water/nutrient mixture, and the yeast population was
monitored over a twenty­hour period. The results are shown on the graph above.
The graph shows that after 16 hours, the yeast population —
A could continue reproducing at an increasing rate
B
is about to increase dramatically in population
C
is close to the food source sustainability of its habitat
D is beginning to feed on itself
20
A chemical spill kills all of the nitrogen­
21
In the summer of 1980, an infestation of
fixing bacteria in an ecosystem without
gypsy moths hit New England. The
directly harming any other organisms.
following spring, their eggs hatched and
Which organisms are likely to be affected
the young gypsy moth caterpillars began
first by the loss of the bacteria?
feeding. Within 72 hours, forest habitats
F
producers
were stripped completely bare of leaves
G
carnivores
H
herbivores
is most likely to —
J
decomposers
A continue to rise dramatically
by the caterpillars. With no additional
food available, the gypsy moth population
B
stabilize at this end
C
increase slowly
D drop sharply
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22
23
Which of the following choices contains
24
A city collects about fifty percent of its
two ways in which carbon dioxide enters
rainfall in underground storage tanks for
the atmosphere?
future use. Which step of the water cycle
F
erosion and transpiration
is affected first by this removal of water?
G
decomposition and respiration
F
condensation
H
volcanic activity and photosynthesis
G
evaporation
J
human activity and formation of fossil
H
precipitation
fuels
J
transpiration
The burning of fossil fuels affects the
25
Osprey feed primarily on fish. Which of the
water cycle when it adds sulfur oxides
following graphs best illustrates that the fish
and nitrogen oxides to the air. Which of
population limits the osprey population?
the following occurs after these
A
pollutants are introduced into the water
cycle?
A The pollutants immediately fall to
earth as acid rain.
B
The gases prevent transpiration, a
process similar to evaporation.
C
B
The pollutants react with water
molecules in the atmosphere to
produce acids.
D The gases prevent cloud formation
and contribute to drought.
C
D
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26
Based on the food web, which of the following is most
likely responsible for the rabbit population trend as
shown in the graph?
F
overpopulation of rabbits
G
decrease in amount of grass
H
increase in amount of grass
J
increase in squirrel population
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27
Which organisms in this food web can only be described as primary consumers?
A Hawks
B
Weasels
C
Raccoons
D Mice
28
As you go higher up the food pyramid, the amount of food energy available
F
Increases
G
Decreases
H
double over time
J
increases by 10% with each level
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29
31
In an Australian wetland ecosystem, sedges are one
of the major producers. Moths eat the sedges and
frogs eat the moths. Kookaburras eat the frogs. The
frogs also eat ants and dragonflies, both of which
get their energy from the sedges. Which one of the
following shows one pathway for energy through
this ecosystem?
A sun sedges frogs dragonflies
kookaburras
B
sun sedges dragonflies frogs
kookaburras
C
sun sedges ants dragonflies ants dragonflies frogs
D sun sedges kookaburras
Which group of organisms in this food web has the
greatest biomass?
A Hawks
B
Owls and Ospreys
C
Rabbits, Fish, and squirrels
D Plants, trees, and algae
30
In an Australian wetland ecosystem, sedges are one
of the major producers. Moths eat the sedges and
frogs eat the moths. Kookaburras eat the frogs. The
frogs also eat ants and dragonflies, both of which
get their energy from the sedges. Which would
happen in this ecosystem if all the kookaburras
died out?
F
The frog population would decrease.
G
The ant population would decrease.
H
The dragonfly population would
increase.
J
The sedge population would decrease.
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32
Which is the role of the falcon in this ecosystem?
F
Producer
G
Herbivore
H
Secondary consumer
J
Tertiary consumer
33
Mice are both a primary and secondary
consumer because they
A eat both berries and grass
B
eat both grass and grasshoppers
C
eat snake and owls
D have a similar hunting patterns
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34
In an Antarctic marine ecosystem, the producers
35
If organism 1 removes carbon from the
are all phytoplankton. These are consumed by tiny
abiotic atmosphere storage bank and
zooplankton, which are in turn consumed by
brings it into the biotic ecosystem, it
shrimp­like krill. Fish eat the krill, penguins eat
would best be described as a
the fish, and killer whales eat the penguins. Which
A producer
of the following diagrams best shows the energy
transfer in this ecosystem?
F
B
herbivore
C
carnivore
D decomposer
36
Some species of fungi, protists, and
bacteria all play a vital role in every
G
biogeochemical cycle. Which best
identifies their common role?
F
producer
G
herbivore
H
carnivore
J
decomposer
H
37
J
In this food chain, the sparrows are
A producers Page 18
B
primary consumers
C
secondary consumers
D tertiary consumers
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38
In an energy pyramid, at what level is the
40
most usable energy available?
F
tertiary consumer
G
secondary consumer
H
primary consumer
J
producer
39
What ultimate source would drive the energy in this py
F
producers
G
decomposers
H
water
J
sunlight
Which ecosystem would have a biomass
pyramid as shown in the diagram above? A increased trophic level like the region
B
C
41
Why are food chains so short, rarely
going higher than through 4­5 organisms
above the tree line on mountains
instead of 8 or more trophic levels?
decreased trophic level on a grassland
A The digestive systems of carnivores
like the great prairies of the central
cannot handle foods in a widely varied
United States
diet.
reduced trophic level on an aquatic
B
The number of species available for
ecosystem like the open ocean or a
consumption is very limited in most
fresh water pond
ecosystems.
D increased trophic level on a tropical
C
There is too little energy left at higher
rainforest like the jungles of the
trophic levels to make consumption
Amazon River basin
worthwhile.
D There are just not enough animals
present in ecosystems for really long
food chains.
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42
If this were an energy pyramid and the kilocalories
available at Trophic Level 1 is 10,000 Kcal, how many
Kcal would be available to the owl?
43
F
10,000
G
1,000
H
100
J
10
The hawk can be at Trophic Level 3, 4 or
5. At which trophic level is the most
energy available to the hawk?
A Trophic Level 3
B
Trophic Level 4
C
Trophic Level 5
D Energy at all levels is equal.
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44
The hawk can be at Trophic Level 3, 4 or 5. Which organism is the additional one that puts the
hawk at Trophic Level 5?
F
snake
G
mouse
H
grasshopper
J
wild grains
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45
Which ecosystem would have a biomass pyramid with a drastically reduced lower trophic level
like the one above?
A an alpine tundra like the region above the tree line on mountains
B
a grassland like the great prairies of the central United States
C
an aquatic ecosystem like the open ocean or a fresh water pond
D a tropical rainforest like the jungles of the Amazon River basin
46
Why would a temperate forest such as those in the Smokey Mountains have a numbers pyramid
with a drastically reduced lower trophic level like the one above? F
The forest trees are huge with a large biomass but fewer in number compared to the number
of organisms at the higher trophic levels.
G
Man is destroying the forest by chopping down the trees faster than they can grow back
resulting in fewer numbers at the lowest level.
H
Nature keeps the numbers of forest trees smaller than the other levels through natural
disasters such as lightning ignited forest fires.
J
None of these is true because a temperate forest would never have a numbers pyramid with
lower trophic level so drastically reduced.
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47
Which diagram best represents the energy pyramid for a tropical rainforest?
A
B
C
D
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48
At which trophic level in an energy pyramid, like the one above, are producers found? F
1
G
2
H
3
J
4
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49
Which organism would be found in the tertiary, or fourth level, of the biomass pyramid above? A Elephant
B
Rhinoceros
C
Oak tree
D Mountain lion
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50
In the food web shown above, which of the following shows a transfer of energy from the first
trophic level to the third? 51
F
Tree Insect Moose
G
Fern Squirrel H
Grass Moose J
Shrub Blue jay Blue jay
Fox
Owl
Usually, energy pyramids show that higher
52
In a typical energy pyramid with four
trophic levels tend to be made up of a
levels labeled 1 through 4 from the
smaller number of individuals. In which of
bottom to the top, how much more or
the following examples is the higher
less energy is available at level 3 than at
trophic level made up of a greater number
level 1?
of individuals? F
10 times less
A Chipmunks feeding on acorns.
G
10 times more
B
Insects feeding on an oak tree.
H
100 times less
C
Prairie dogs feeding on grasses.
J
100 times more
D Dolphins feeding on smaller fish.
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53
55
According to this food web, which of
these eats only producers?
A caterpillar
B
bird
C
fly larva
D ant
In an energy pyramid constructed for this
food web, the least amount of energy
would be contained in the trophic level
with the — A ferns
B
lynx
C
owls
D squirrels
54
Which of these organisms provides the
most energy in a typical forest
ecosystem?
F
Birds
G
Lynx
H
Moose
J
Trees
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56
A person living near this pond notices that the mosquito population has decreased dramatically
over the past two weeks. Referencing the mosquito population included in this food web, what
is a plausible reason for the decrease in mosquito population?
F
mosquito larvae were eaten by the duckweed
G
conditions led to a rapid increase in the number of minnows
H
many of the martin houses were destroyed by a recent storm
J
the frog population decreased because of a recent storm
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57
58
In this ecosystem, the algae are­­
F
producers
G
consumers
H
decomposers
J
recyclers
Based on the food web, which of the following is most
likely responsible for the rabbit population trend as
59
In a prairie ecosystem, the producers are
shown in the graph?
grass. These are consumed by
A Decrease in fox population
grasshoppers which are in turn consumed
B
Decrease in amount of grass
C
Increase in number of acorns
by mice. The mice are consumed by
snakes and snakes are consumed by
D Increase in squirrel population
hawks. Which of these organisms in the
prairie ecosystem is a tertiary consumer?
A grasshoppers
B
mice
C
snakes
D hawks
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60
Leaves of plants commonly found in a grassland biome grow up from horizontal underground
stems rather than from vertical above ground stems. Why would this be an advantage?
F
The plant can rapidly grow new leaves after being eaten.
G
The plant can survive in soil that provides no nutrients.
H
The plant requires more moisture than other plants in the biome.
J
The plant needs less sunlight than other similar plants.
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61
The table below compares hemoglobin
levels and breathing rates of people living
in two high­altitude regions.
Which of these best describes the
similarity between the adaptations of
Tibetans and Andeans?
A bringing a larger air volume into the lungs
B
increasing the rate of respiratory function
C
reducing blood pressure in lung arteries
D delivering enough oxygen to body cells
62
Some plants have very long taproots.
This adaptation helps these plants survive
in a ­­
F
temperate forest by needing very little
water
G
tundra by taking water from below the
permafrost
H
prairie by absorbing large amounts of
surface water
J
desert by reaching deep underground
water supplies
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63
Metabolism produces nitrogenous compounds that must be excreted from the body. These
compounds can be excreted as different types of waste products. Some characteristics of each
type of waste are shown in the tables below.
Which organisms are most likely to excrete their wastes as uric acid?
A Saltwater fish
B
Desert animals
C
Freshwater fish
D Tropical mammals
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64
Thick fleshy stems with thick waxy
66
covering would most likely be useful
other organisms. Sea anemones often
adaptations for which of the following
attach to the top of a hermit crab's shell.
types of plants?
When the crab moves, the shell and
F
desert plants that need to conserve
anemone are carried along. Most
water
predators of hermit crabs avoid sea
G
anemones. Which symbiotic relationship
prairie plants that need to survive
best describes the hermit crab and sea
fires
H
anemone?
tundra plants that need to conserve
heat
J
rainforest plants that need to repel
insects
65
Hermit crabs live inside shells produced by
F
parasitism
G
commensalism
H
mutualism
J
competition
Interactions between species in which
both organisms benefit are examples of —
67
invertebrates were reduced to five after
A commensalism
B
mutualism
C
paraitism
In a marine tide pool, 15 species of
one species was removed. The species
removed was likely to be a ­
A dominant competitor
D predation
B
species that does not interact with
other species
C
generalized predator
D keystone predator
68
Interactions between species that have
NO effect on one participant are rare and
examples include —
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F
commensalism
G
mutualism
H
predation
J
competition
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69
A wasp feeds on the nectar of an orchid.
71
Cattle egrets are birds that live near large
In this process the wasp gains nutrition
grazing animals. They feed on insects
while picking up the orchid’s pollena
that are exposed as the grazing animals
(containing pollen) and spreads the
walk through grass. A scientist theorizes
plant’s pollen to the next flower visited.
that these species could eventually
The relationship between the wasp and
develop a mutualistic relationship. Which
the orchid can be described as ­
of the following situations, if observed,
A reversible
would support this scientist's theory?
B
mutualistic
A Cattle are not affected by cattle
C
parasitic
egrets.
B
D predatory
Cattle are seen feeding on cattle
egrets.
C
Cattle egrets begin to eat ticks living
on cattle.
D Cattle egrets begin to draw nutrients
70
from cattle.
Mistletoe grows on the branches of an
oak tree and penetrates the bark to
obtain nutrients. This type of interaction
is ­
F
mutualistic
G
commensalistic
H
hydrophobic
touches tiny hairs on the leaf, the leaf
J
parasitic
snaps shut, trapping the animal inside.
72
The Venus flytrap has leaf blades with
hinges in the middle. When an insect
Gradually, the leaf secretes enzymes that
digest the animal and release its nutrients
into the plant. This situation is an
example of —
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F
commensalism
G
mutualism
H
parasitism
J
predation
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73
Which of the following best describes the
76
The chestnut lamprey is a jawless native
relationship that exists when a tick
fish that can attach its mouth to the side
attaches itself to a dog and feeds on the
of another fish, such as a lake trout. The
dog's blood?
lamprey releases a substance that
A commensalism
prevents the lake trout's blood from
B
mutualism
C
parasitism
clotting and uses its tongue to create
suction that draws a steady flow of blood
and body fluids from the lake trout. This
type of lamprey rarely kills the lake trout
D predation
before detaching and moving on. The
relationship between a chestnut lamprey
and a lake trout can best be described as
—
74
There is a species of ant that takes care
F
commensalism
of a species of aphid and protects the
G
mutualism
H
predation
J
parasitism
aphids from predators. The ants drink the
sweet liquid that is produced by the
aphids. This situation is an example of —
F
commensalism
G
mutualism
H
parasitism
J
predation
77
An example of a situation in which an
organism produces energy that is used by
another organism is the relationship
between a primary consumer and a —
A bird
75
When barnacles attach themselves to a
whale, the whale is not usually positively
or negatively affected. The movement of
the water past the swimming whale
B
mammal
C
plant
D fish
carries food particles to the barnacles.
This situation is an example of —
A commensalism
B
mutualism
C
parasitism
D predation
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78
What are the likely long­term effects on
80
Which of the following would most likely
ecosystems if greenhouse gas emissions
have a negative effect on the biodiversity
combined with human over­exploitation of
of an ecosystem?
land continue to increase?
F
F
G
An increase in population numbers and
nitrogen gases and sulfur compounds
species diversity.
in the atmosphere
A decrease in population numbers and
G
species diversity.
H
J
combustion of fossil fuels releasing
No long term effects on population
detoxification of human and industrial
waste
H
stricter control over transportation of
numbers and species diversity.
plants or animals between state and
Temporary effects on population
national borders
numbers and species diversity
J
increase in the number of wind
turbines
79
Which processes are least likely to
interfere with the natural process of
ecological succession?
A industrialization and habitat
destruction
B
management of water runoff and soil
erosion
C
pollution from chemical contaminants
D introduction of non­native species
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81
I Kudzu is a vine imported from Japan to the US in the 1800s. By the 1930s, farmers were
encouraged by the government to plant kudzu for erosion control. Now common throughout the
southeastern states, the vine grows at a staggering rate of 1 foot a day and kills native
species by blanketing vegetation with leaves and choking trees and shrubs by encircling them
with vines.
II The brown marmorated stink bug is an agricultural pest, native of mainland China and first
observed in Pennsylvania in 1998. It is thought to have entered the US by stowing away on
packing crates of cargo ships. Piercing mouth parts cause serious damage to apples,
persimmons, peaches, cucumbers, grapes, and other crops. The bugs leave the fruits with
small, unsightly dark spots on their surfaces, resulting in unmarketable produce.
III Around 1987, zebra mussels were discovered in the Great Lakes region where they became
a serious nuisance. Native to the Black and Caspian Seas of Eurasia, these mollusks coat the
undersides of docks and boats and clog pipes and plumbing. Because a female zebra mussel
can produce from 20,000 to 1,000,000 eggs a year, this species is a serious threat to native
species.
What do kudzu, zebra mussels, and brown marmorated stink bugs have in common?
A Their presence results in increased biodiversity.
B
They were all unintentionally introduced into the US.
C
They are invasive species which have thrived in foreign ecosystems.
D They promote competition among native species, resulting in balanced ecosystems.
82
The 1988 fires of Yellowstone National
83
Which organism infects the tissues of the
Park cleared large areas of vegetation,
throat and causes the disease diphtheria?
leaving nothing but soil intact. When life
Diphtheria can lead to breathing problems,
returns to a previously established
heart failure, paralysis, and death.
community such as Yellowstone, this
A The bacterium Escherichia coli
process is F
primary succession
G
biodiversity
H
secondary succession
J
speciation
Page 37
B
The fungus Trichophyton rubrum
C
The bacterium Streptococcus auereus
D The bacterium Corynebacterium
diphtheriae
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84
85
H. pylori bacteria are known to cause
86
The bacteria that cause diphtheria live in
stomach ulcers, which are sores in the
the mouth, nose, throat, or skin of an
lining of the stomach. The sores are
infected person. Without treatment these
vulnerable to damage by stomach acids.
bacteria can damage heart muscle,
A doctor may treat ulcers by prescribing
leading to heart failure. The most likely
an antibiotic, such as amoxycillin, which
way that bacteria living in the mouth,
will —
nose, throat, or skin can damage the
F
neutralize stomach acids
heart is by —
G
stop the formation of stomach acids
F
secreting toxins
H
kill the H.pylori bacteria
G
suppressing the immune system
J
cover sores in the stomach lining
H
clogging arteries
J
breaking down the tissue for food.
Deer eat leaves and shrubs, which
contain the carbohydrate cellulose.
87
Lactobacillus acidophilus is a bacterium
Because mammals lack the digestive
that occurs naturally in the colon. It
enzymes needed to break down cellulose,
produces enzymes that help with the final
bacteria living in the intestinal tract of a
digestion of food. It produces Vitamin K, B
deer digest the cellulose. If the bacteria
Vitamins, and inhibits the growth of
in a deer's intestinal tract were killed off,
harmful bacteria. When taking an
the most likely result is that the deer
antibiotic that kills Lactobacillus
would —
acidophilus along with the targeted
A become malnourished and die
disease­causing bacteria, which of the
B
digest the celluose more slowly
C
eat other plant food lower in cellulose
D die of diseases caused by other
bacteria
following is most likely to occur?
A an increase in body vitamin levels
B
a lesser risk of stomach infections
C
a need for extra foods high in fiber
D a greater risk of intestinal infection
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88
Some Streptococcus bacteria can cause
90
An overpopulation of algae in a pond will
a disease called necrotizing fasciitis.
initially disrupt the pond ecosystem by
Infection first produces mild redness on
reducing ­
the skin. This leads to severe
F
nitrates, thereby killing fish
G
sunlight, thereby killing water plants
People infected with this type of bacteria
H
water, thereby killing insects
are most likely harmed when the bacteria
J
oxygen, thereby killing water bacteria
inflammation and blistering. Skin cells and
underlying tissues then begin to die.
—
F
secrete toxins
G
cause cells to multiply abnormally
H
displace normal cells
J
weaken the body's immune system
91
All of the organisms in a typical
ecosystem are interdependent, helping to
maintain the equilibrium of the ecosystem
and sustaining each other. Which of the
following processes can bacteria perform
that is not possible for the other members
89
All of the organisms in a typical
of a typical ecosystem?
ecosystem are interdependent, helping to
A converting radiant energy into
maintain the equilibrium of the ecosystem
chemical energy
and sustaining each other. Which of the
B
conserving water
that is not possible for other organisms in
C
using nitrogen from the atmosphere
a typical ecosystem?
D decomposing the remains of dead
following processes can plants perform
organisms
A converting radiant energy into
chemical energy
B
conserving water
C
using nitrogen from the atmosphere
D decomposing the remains of dead
organisms
92
As they decompose organic material,
some bacteria release sticky substances
that cause small soil particles to stick
together in larger loosely packed clumps.
These bacteria help prevent erosion by —
Page 39
F
killing harmful bacteria
G
encouraging root growth
H
cycling important nutrients
J
fixing atmospheric nitrogen
GO ON
93
94
Worried about an algal bloom that might
96
All of the organisms in an ecosystem are
kill the fish in a local pond, townspeople
interdependent, helping to maintain the
vote to add a chemical to the pond that
equilibrium of the ecosystem. Which of
will prevent the reproduction of algae,
the following processes can bacteria
without killing them. As a result, the pond
perform that is not possible for the other
ecosystem will be disrupted by a —
members of a typical ecosystem?
A short­term lack of sunlight
F
absorbing energy from sunlight
B
long­term shortage of food
G
preventing the erosion of topsoil
C
slow decrease in water level
H
using nitrogen from the atmosphere
D seasonal rise in temperature
J
decomposing the remains of organisms
The release of nitrates into a pond leads
97
Large numbers of helpful bacteria normally
to an algae bloom. Algae grow and
grow and reproduce in a person's
reproduce rapidly under high nutrient
intestine. Which of the following is one
availability, but each alga is short lived,
way that these bacteria promote health?
and the result is a high concentration of
A Preventing pathogens from entering
dead organic matter which starts to
the body.
decay. This decay disrupts the pond
B
ecosystem by reducing the available —
95
F
nitrates, thereby killing fish
G
nitrates, thereby killing fish
H
water, thereby killing insects
J
oxygen, thereby killing fish By breaking down the dead tissue of a
Breaking down toxins in the digestive
tract .
C
Competing against pathogens for
colonization sites .
D Bringing essential minerals into the
body.
98
Bacteria can be both helpful and harmful
fallen log, bacteria help to ensure that —
to the body. A bacterial infection would
A sick trees do not make seeds
likely manifest the following symptoms
B
old trees do not live too long
C
healthy trees get enough sunlight
D young trees get enough nutrients
Page 40
except ­
F
increased white blood cell count
G
elevated blood pressure
H
swollen glands or sore throat
J
a rash
GO ON
99
When a person walks into a darkened
room from a lighter area, their eyes must
physically respond to the need to let in as
much light as possible. Which of the
following physical responses of the eye
would best enable a person to see in this
situation?
A the pupil dilates
B
the lens flattens
C
the eyes squint
D the irls expands
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