1 22,25 October 2004 Physiology of Locomotion R. B. Huey I. Some
... utilization rates can increase 1000 fold during locomotion! A dynamic shift in usage. C. So, where does the ATP come from? l. From existing muscle stores (= a battery)? No, very small amounts of ATP are stored in muscle -- only enough for a few twitches during initial activity. 2. Is it then synthes ...
... utilization rates can increase 1000 fold during locomotion! A dynamic shift in usage. C. So, where does the ATP come from? l. From existing muscle stores (= a battery)? No, very small amounts of ATP are stored in muscle -- only enough for a few twitches during initial activity. 2. Is it then synthes ...
Unit 4 Notes - heckgrammar.co.uk
... 5. GP is converted in a series of steps to form the 3-carbon compound pyruvate. Another ATP is made during this process. Pyruvate marks the end of glycolysis, the first stage of respiration. Pyruvate can also be turned back into glucose by reversing glycolysis, and this is called gluconeogenesis. 6. ...
... 5. GP is converted in a series of steps to form the 3-carbon compound pyruvate. Another ATP is made during this process. Pyruvate marks the end of glycolysis, the first stage of respiration. Pyruvate can also be turned back into glucose by reversing glycolysis, and this is called gluconeogenesis. 6. ...
3. GLYCOLYSIS
... up into mitochondria, and after conversion to acety-CoA is oxidized to CO2 by the citric acid cycle. • The reducing equivalents from the NADH+H+ formed in glycolysis are taken up into mitochontria for oxidation. ...
... up into mitochondria, and after conversion to acety-CoA is oxidized to CO2 by the citric acid cycle. • The reducing equivalents from the NADH+H+ formed in glycolysis are taken up into mitochontria for oxidation. ...
Energy in the Cell
... Does not use oxygen. Almost all living things use this pathway. Basic process: add phosphates (from ATP) to each end of the glucose, then split it in half, using that chemical bond energy to generate 4 ATPs. Final 3-carbon products = pyruvate. Also releases 2 electrons, which are carried by NADH. Th ...
... Does not use oxygen. Almost all living things use this pathway. Basic process: add phosphates (from ATP) to each end of the glucose, then split it in half, using that chemical bond energy to generate 4 ATPs. Final 3-carbon products = pyruvate. Also releases 2 electrons, which are carried by NADH. Th ...
Enzyme and metabolic pathway lecture 2
... broken and all that remained was CO2, H2O and energy captured by energy transfer molecules (ATP/GTP, NADH, FADH2). Now we have to remove the electrons that were captured by NADH and FADH2, returning them to their oxidized state (NAD+, FAD+), so that they can go back and continue to pick up energy wh ...
... broken and all that remained was CO2, H2O and energy captured by energy transfer molecules (ATP/GTP, NADH, FADH2). Now we have to remove the electrons that were captured by NADH and FADH2, returning them to their oxidized state (NAD+, FAD+), so that they can go back and continue to pick up energy wh ...
Energy represents the capacity to do work. Cells must
... • Protons build up in the thylakoid space and create a concentration gradient • Protons then move across the thylakoid membrane through ATP synthase which causes ADP to convert to ATP ...
... • Protons build up in the thylakoid space and create a concentration gradient • Protons then move across the thylakoid membrane through ATP synthase which causes ADP to convert to ATP ...
Energy Metabolism
... energy and nutrients into form that cells can use Maintenance – repairing i i body b d parts and keeping organs functioning ...
... energy and nutrients into form that cells can use Maintenance – repairing i i body b d parts and keeping organs functioning ...
Energy Cycle in Vertebrates - Jean
... mechanisms designed to activate key enzymes that catalyse the hydrolysis of triacylglycerol and glycogen. These specific enzymes are lipases and glycogen phosphorylase. Lipases break down triacylglycerol to fatty acids and glycerol, whereas glycogen phosphorylase cleaves glucose subunits from glycoge ...
... mechanisms designed to activate key enzymes that catalyse the hydrolysis of triacylglycerol and glycogen. These specific enzymes are lipases and glycogen phosphorylase. Lipases break down triacylglycerol to fatty acids and glycerol, whereas glycogen phosphorylase cleaves glucose subunits from glycoge ...
File - Ms. Collins Science!
... _________46. Which one of the following is a correct pairing? (a) Proteins: A source of quick energy for the cell. (b) Carbohydrates: Used as the strengthening tissue in plant cell wall ...
... _________46. Which one of the following is a correct pairing? (a) Proteins: A source of quick energy for the cell. (b) Carbohydrates: Used as the strengthening tissue in plant cell wall ...
Paper (marking scheme)
... thigmotropism: a growth or response to touch / chemotropism: a growth or response to substances or chemicals (e) antigen: substance on cell membrane or surface of virus or bacteria or causes antibody production or foreign substance antibody: produced in response to antigen or destroys antigen or def ...
... thigmotropism: a growth or response to touch / chemotropism: a growth or response to substances or chemicals (e) antigen: substance on cell membrane or surface of virus or bacteria or causes antibody production or foreign substance antibody: produced in response to antigen or destroys antigen or def ...
งานนำเสนอ PowerPoint
... irreversible ( exergonic ) reaction commits the intermediates down the pathway ...
... irreversible ( exergonic ) reaction commits the intermediates down the pathway ...
The TCA cycle
... which catabolites (breakdown products of carbohydrate, fat & protein) are channelled into the TCA cycle and oxidised to produce C02 and energy rich (reduced) molecules of NADH and FADH2 (nucleoside cofactors) and GTP. ...
... which catabolites (breakdown products of carbohydrate, fat & protein) are channelled into the TCA cycle and oxidised to produce C02 and energy rich (reduced) molecules of NADH and FADH2 (nucleoside cofactors) and GTP. ...
Cellular Respiration (Text Book)
... causes proteins to pump H+ from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space • H+ then moves back across the membrane, passing through the ATP synthase Enzyme. • ATP synthase uses the exergonic flow of H+ to drive phosphorylation of ATP • This is an example of chemiosmosis, the use of energy ...
... causes proteins to pump H+ from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space • H+ then moves back across the membrane, passing through the ATP synthase Enzyme. • ATP synthase uses the exergonic flow of H+ to drive phosphorylation of ATP • This is an example of chemiosmosis, the use of energy ...
Principles of Ecology - Rochester Community Schools
... Occurs when more than one organism uses a resource at the same time ...
... Occurs when more than one organism uses a resource at the same time ...
The Proton-Motive Force Overview Compartmentalization
... dramatic decrease in glucose consumption. This is called the Pasteur effect. Explain. • The [NADH]/[NAD+] and [ATP]/A[ADP] ratios also change when an anaerobic culture is exposed to oxygen. Explain how the ratios change and what effect this has on glycolysis and the citric acid cycle in yeast. ...
... dramatic decrease in glucose consumption. This is called the Pasteur effect. Explain. • The [NADH]/[NAD+] and [ATP]/A[ADP] ratios also change when an anaerobic culture is exposed to oxygen. Explain how the ratios change and what effect this has on glycolysis and the citric acid cycle in yeast. ...
Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis
... 13 – 18: write the letter of the steps below for cellular respiration in correct order Letter Process Proton motive force/electrochemical gradient/proton A gradient drives formation of ATP B Inner membrane proteins reduced by NADH and FADH2 AcetylCoA broken down further, releasing two CO2 molecules ...
... 13 – 18: write the letter of the steps below for cellular respiration in correct order Letter Process Proton motive force/electrochemical gradient/proton A gradient drives formation of ATP B Inner membrane proteins reduced by NADH and FADH2 AcetylCoA broken down further, releasing two CO2 molecules ...
Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and other Energy
... 1- Plants make ATP during photosynthesis. 2- All other organisms, including plants, must produce ATP by breaking down molecules such as glucose. Aerobic respiration : the process by which a cell uses O2 to "burn" molecules and release energy. C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O Note: this reaction is the o ...
... 1- Plants make ATP during photosynthesis. 2- All other organisms, including plants, must produce ATP by breaking down molecules such as glucose. Aerobic respiration : the process by which a cell uses O2 to "burn" molecules and release energy. C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O Note: this reaction is the o ...
Quiz SBI 4UI - Waterloo Region District School Board
... 22. What does the NAD Dehy, Cyt b-c1 and Cyt oxidase have in common? ...
... 22. What does the NAD Dehy, Cyt b-c1 and Cyt oxidase have in common? ...
Exam II
... 5. Which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Hydrogen bonding to a histidine residue assists stabilization of the Fe2+ -O2 complex in both hemoglobin and myoglobin. b. Myoglobin is a single polypeptide chain folded about a heme prosthetic group. c. The iron in both hemoglobin and myoglobin has ...
... 5. Which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Hydrogen bonding to a histidine residue assists stabilization of the Fe2+ -O2 complex in both hemoglobin and myoglobin. b. Myoglobin is a single polypeptide chain folded about a heme prosthetic group. c. The iron in both hemoglobin and myoglobin has ...
Background
... ecosystems. Nitrogen cycles slowly, stored in reservoirs such as the atmosphere, living organisms, soils, and oceans along its way. Most of the nitrogen on Earth is in the atmosphere. Approximately 80% of the molecules in Earth’s atmosphere are made of two nitrogen atoms bonded together (N2). All pl ...
... ecosystems. Nitrogen cycles slowly, stored in reservoirs such as the atmosphere, living organisms, soils, and oceans along its way. Most of the nitrogen on Earth is in the atmosphere. Approximately 80% of the molecules in Earth’s atmosphere are made of two nitrogen atoms bonded together (N2). All pl ...
11.17.11.ATP.synthase
... cytoplasm, which is buffered at pH higher than the mito, and so, added protons don’t change the pH of the cytoplasm but have profound effect on the pH of the matrix (like adding a few drops ...
... cytoplasm, which is buffered at pH higher than the mito, and so, added protons don’t change the pH of the cytoplasm but have profound effect on the pH of the matrix (like adding a few drops ...
I. ATP is Universal
... Critical concepts include: fermentation, energy production via fermentation, and the use of fermentation for food production. 7.7 When oxygen is in short supply, the cell switches to fermentation A. Fermentation produces two ATP per glucose molecule in the absence of O2. B. Pyruvate is used as final ...
... Critical concepts include: fermentation, energy production via fermentation, and the use of fermentation for food production. 7.7 When oxygen is in short supply, the cell switches to fermentation A. Fermentation produces two ATP per glucose molecule in the absence of O2. B. Pyruvate is used as final ...
Microbial metabolism
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe’s ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles.== Types of microbial metabolism ==All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesising cell mass: autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2) heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing: chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds phototrophic – energy is obtained from lightIn practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows: chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Knallgas-bacteria photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. Examples: Cyanobacteria (water (H2O) as reducing equivalent donor), Chlorobiaceae, Chromatiaceae (hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as reducing equivalent donor), Chloroflexus (hydrogen (H2) as reducing equivalent donor) chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2). Examples: some Thiobacilus, some Beggiatoa, some Nitrobacter spp., Wolinella (with H2 as reducing equivalent donor), some Knallgas-bacteria, some sulfate-reducing bacteria chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Examples: most bacteria, e. g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Actinobacteria photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodocyclus, Heliobacterium, Chloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)