Download CP Biology Ecology

Ecology
SCI.9-12.B-6 - [Standard] - The
student will demonstrate an
understanding of the interrelationships
among organisms and the biotic and
abiotic components of their
environments.
1
SCI.9-12.B-3.6 - [Indicator]
– Illustrate the flow of energy
through ecosystems (including
food chains, food webs, energy
pyramids,number
pyramids, and biomass
pyramids).
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Energy Flow
Through an
Ecosystem
Food Chains, Food Webs,
Energy Pyramids
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3
ALL ENERGY
•Begins with the
SUN
•With
Photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight & chlorophyll
C6H12O6 + 6O2
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Photosynthesis
DO NOT COPY
•Chemical reaction where green plants use water &
carbon dioxide to store the sun’s energy in glucose
•ENERGY is stored in glucose
•Glucose is stored as starch in plants
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Organisms that can
make glucose during
photosynthesis are
called PRODUCERS.
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Producers use
most of the
energy they make
for themselves.
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Producers use
cellular respiration
to supply the
energy they need
to live.
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6O2 + C6H12O6 --> 6H2O + 6CO2 + energy
CELLULAR
RESPIRATION is
the chemical
reaction that
releases the energy
in glucose.It makes
energy in the form
of ATP.
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The energy that is not
used by producers can
be passed on to
organisms that cannot
make their own
energy.
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Organisms that
cannot make their
own energy are called
CONSUMERS.
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There are 4 general types of
consumers:
Herbivores eat only plants
Carnivores eat only animals
Omnivores eat plant and
animals
Decomposers break down
decaying organisms
Herbivores
Zebras eat grass.
They are
herbivores.
Cows are
herbivores.
Herbivores
Hippos are herbivores.
Rhinos are herbivores.
Carnivores
Lions definitely eat meat!
Not all carnivores
have razor sharp
teeth.
Consumers that eat producers
to get energy:
•Are
primary consumers
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16
SCI.9-12.B-3.6 - [Indicator]
– Illustrate the flow of energy
through ecosystems (including
food chains, food webs, energy
pyramids,number
pyramids, and biomass
pyramids).
copyright cmassengale
17
A Consumer that Eats Another
Consumer for Energy:
•Is called a secondary
consumer
•May be a carnivore or
a omnivore
•May be a predator
•May be a scavenger
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A consumer that eats a
consumer that already ate a
consumer:
•Is called a tertiary
consumer
•May be a carnivore, a
omnivore, predator or a
scavenger
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Consumers that eat
other dead consumers
are called scavengers
20
The transfer of energy from
the sun to producer to primary
consumer then to higher order
consumers can be shown in a
FOOD CHAIN.
21
A lot of the energy is lost as
heat, but some energy is
stored and can passed on to
another consumer.
**10% rule – only 10% of the
energy at one level is
transferred to the next
level.
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More Food Chains
23
Food Webs:
•Are
interconnected
food chains
They show the
feeding
relationships in
an ecosystem
•
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Food Chains Show Available Energy
25
Another way
of showing the
transfer of
energy in an
ecosystem is
the
ENERGY
PYRAMID
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Energy Pyramids Show
•Amount of available
energy decreases for
higher consumers
It takes a large number
of producers to support a
small number of primary
consumers
It takes a large number
of primary consumers to
support a small number of
secondary consumers
•
•
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28
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How Many Chains are in
this web?
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Identify the Producers, Consumers, &
Decomposers:
Count the
Food
Chains!
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We can show what goes on with the
help of a Food Web
What would happen if a disease killed off
many of the hawks?
There will be
nothing to eat
the snakes, so
their numbers
will increase.
All the frogs
get eaten
No frogs.
More
crickets
Most of
the cattail
gets
eaten by
the
crickets
Now the crickets
don’t have
enough food so
their numbers
go down
..and
so on. Numbers of each species have
an effect on the numbers of the other
species in the web.
SCI.9-12.B-3.6 - [Indicator]
– Illustrate the flow of energy
through ecosystems (including
food chains, food webs, energy
pyramids,number
pyramids, and biomass
pyramids).
copyright cmassengale
40
What is ecological
succession?
41
SCI.9-12.B-6.3 [Indicator] - Illustrate
the processes of
succession in ecosystems.
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This series of predictable changes
that occurs in a community over
time is called ecological
succession.
Sometimes, an ecosystem changes
in response to an abrupt
disturbance.
At other times, changes occur
gradually.
There are two types: primary and
secondary.
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Primary Succession
On land, succession that occurs on
surfaces where no soil exists is
called primary succession. For
example, primary succession occurs
on rock surfaces formed after
volcanoes erupt.
The first species to populate
the area are called pioneer
species.
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44
The first organisms are
always plants!! Autotrophs
that make their own food
Then small animals (bugs)
come in. Then larger plants,
then larger animals.
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In this example, a volcanic eruption
has destroyed the previous
ecosystem.
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The first organisms to appear are
lichens.
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Mosses soon appear, and grasses take
root in the thin layer of soil
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Eventually, tree seedlings and shrubs
sprout among the plant community.
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Secondary Succession
All or part of an ecosystem can be
changed by natural events, such as
fires.
When the disturbance is over,
community interactions that
replace the ecosystem to its
original condition are called
secondary succession.(Think of this
as a replacement community.)
copyright cmassengale
50
SCI.9-12.B-6.3 [Indicator] - Illustrate
the processes of
succession in ecosystems.
copyright cmassengale
51
Population-all of the individuals
of a species that live together
in one place at one time.
Demography-the statistical
study of populations. It is
used to predict how the size
of a population will change.
SCI.9-12.B-6.2 - [Indicator] Explain how populations are
affected by limiting factors
(including density-dependent,
density-independent, abiotic,
and biotic factors).
copyright cmassengale
53
KEY FEATURES OF POPULATIONS
1. Population size
– is the number of individuals in a
population.
– has an important effect on the ability of
the population to survive.
Carrying Capacity – number of organisms an
ecosystem can support
(don’t copy) A small population is more likely to
become extinct:
-in the case of random events or natural
disaster
-due to inbreeding where the population is
more genetically alike. Recessive traits are
more likely to appear.
-with reduced variability it is harder to
adapt to changes.
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2. Population density
– the number of individuals in
a given area.
– if they are too far apart
they may only rarely
encounter one another
resulting in little
reproduction.
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Carrying capacity – The
number of organisms that an
environment can support.
This can change if the
environment changes.
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Exponential growth
Logistic Growth
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Normal carrying capacity
Carrying capacity
changed over time due
to a change in the
environment.
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KEY FEATURES OF POPULATIONS, con’t
Population size is limited by:
density-dependent factors
Biotic factors
Disease
Competition
Predators
Parasites
Food
Crowding
density-independent
factors
abiotic factors
Volcanic eruptions
Temperature
Storms
Floods
Drought
Chemical pesticides
Major habitat disruption
(as in the New Orleans
flooding)
The greater the
population, the greater
effect these factors
have.
Ex. Black plague in the
Most are abiotic factors
Middle Ages – more
deaths in cities
SCI.9-12.B-6.4 - [Indicator]
- Exemplify the role of
organisms in the
geochemical cycles
(including the cycles of
carbon, nitrogen, and
water).
Cycles of Matter
A.Recycling in the Biosphere
B.The Water Cycle
C.Nutrient Cycles
1.
2.
3.
The Carbon Cycle
The Nitrogen Cycle
The Phosphorus Cycle
http://mff.dsisd.net/Environment/Cycles.htm
ENERGY & MATTER
*Energy is not the only thing
that moves through the ecosystem.
Atoms are never destroyed . . . only
transformed.
Take a deep breath.
The atoms you just
inhaled may have been
inhaled by a dinosaur
millions of years ago.
http://educ.queensu.ca/~fmc/august2004/pages/dinobreath.html
4 ATOMS make up 95% of the
body in most organisms
OXYGEN
CARBON
HYDROGEN
NITROGEN
The same molecules are passed around
again and again within the biosphere in
BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES
___________________________
WATER CYCLE
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
= ___________________
http://www.urbanrivers.org/water_cycle.html
WHY IS WATER IMPORTANT?
Makes up 60-70% of your body
building blocks of c
Oxygen and Hydrogen are found in all the
________________________:
carbohydrates, proteins,
nucleic acids, lipids
Hydrogen in H2O supplies
protons (H+) & electrons
for_______________
ells
photosynthesis
http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/water/molecule.htm
WHY IS WATER IMPORTANT?
SOLVENT
Water is a good _________________
Many molecules dissolve in water so it
provides a place for chemical reactions
to happen
Water doesn’t change temperature easily so it helps with
__________________
HOMEOSTASIS
http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/water/molecule.htm
WATER CYCLE
evaporation
condensation
http://www.radio-canada.ca/jeunesse/fd6/000_images/cat/c_buee_c.gif
http://www.css.cornell.edu/faculty/hmv1/watrshed/Etrans.htm
The evaporation of water from the surface of plant leaves
= ________________
TRANSPIRATION
The return of water to
the surface in the form of
rain, snow, sleet, hail, etc.
= ____________________
PRECIPITATION
Image edited from: http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/msese/earthsysflr/water.html
WATER CYCLE
PH ONLINE LINK
Put in code: cbp-2033 Choose Start
Terms for water cycle
Precipitation
Evaporation
Transpiration
Condensation
Runoff
CARBON CYCLE
CO2 in
atmosphere
CO2 in
ocean
BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006
SCI.9-12.B-6.4 - [Indicator]
- Exemplify the role of
organisms in the
geochemical cycles
(including the cycles of
carbon, nitrogen, and
water).
4 main CARBON reservoirs
in BIOSPHERE
1.
2.
3.
4.
In ____________
atmosphere
as CO2 gas
In _______ as dissolved CO2 gas
ocean
On _______
in organisms, rocks, soil
__________ as coal & petroleum (fossil fuels) and calcium carbonate in rocks
land
Underground
CO2 in
atmosphere
CO2 in
Ocean
BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006
Where does CO2 in atmosphere come from?
CO2 in
atmosphere
1. Volcanic activity
2. Human activity (burning
fossil fuels)
CO2 in
Ocean
Cellular respiration
3. _________________ plants and animals release CO2 through respiration and
decomposition
4.____________ of dead organisms
Decomposition
BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006
WHY IS CARBON IMPORTANT?
BUILDING
Found in all the _______________
of cells:BLOCKS
carbohydrates, proteins,
nucleic acids, lipids
Image by Riedell
http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/12-dna.htm
WHY IS CARBON IMPORTANT?
Carbon in CO2 provides the atoms for
__________ production during
GLUCOSE
__________________...
the fuel
that all living things depend on.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0076.JPG
http://www.biologyclass.net/mitochondria.jpg
Terms for Carbon cycle
Photosynthesis
Cellular Respiration
Combustion
Decomposition
NITROGEN CYCLE
Section 3-3
N2 in Atmosphere
NH3
NO3and NO2-
BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006
WHY IS NITROGEN
IMPORTANT?
NITROGEN BASES make DNA and RNA
Adenine (nitrogen base) is used in ATP
Makes AMINO part of amino acids (proteins)
Image by Riedell
http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/12-dna.htm
Image by Riedell
79% of the atmosphere is made
up of NITROGEN gas (N2)
CAN’T
BUT we _____ use the nitrogen gas
we breathe!
The bond in N2 gas is so
strong it can only be broken by
lightning
_______________
Volcanic activity
_______________
few special bacteria
____________________
Image by Riedell
http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/12-dna.htm
Image by Riedell
in the soil
Bacteria that live ______________
symbiotic
and in _________ relationships with
legumes
plants called _________, take
nitrogen from the atmosphere and
AMMONIA (NH )
turn it into ______________, a form
that is usable by plants.
3
THIS PROCESS
IS CALLED
NITROGEN FIXATION
_________________
http://www.slic2.wsu.edu:82/hurlbert/micro101/images/101nodules21.gif
Other bacteria in the soil convert
NITRATES (NO )
ammonia into ________________
& NITRITES (NO )
& _________________
which plants can also use.
The nitrogen we need for proteins,
ATP, and nucleic acids comes from
FOOD WE EAT
the ___________
NOT THE AIR
___________
we breathe!
3
2
-
-
Image from: http://www.utdallas.edu/images/departments/biology/misc/gonzalez-image.jpg
and http://www.cibike.org/CartoonEating.gif
modified by Riedell
NITROGEN CYCLE
Section 3-3
N2 in Atmosphere
NH3
NO3and NO2-
BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006
in the soil
Bacteria that live ______________
also carry out the reverse process
NITRATES
& NITRITES
___________ →
NITROGEN GAS
_____________
THIS PROCESS
IS CALLED
DENITRIFICATION
_________________
.
N2

NH3

NO2 
Nitrogen ammonia nitrite
NO3
 N2
nitrate
ammonification nitrification denitrification
All of these processes are done by bacteria.
Terms for Nitrogen Cycle
Ammonification
Nitrification
Denitrification
Nitrogen Fixation by bacteria
Image from: Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall
PHOSPHORUS CYCLE
Phosphate moves
through food web
Producers absorb
phosphate from
soil and water
Weathering wears
away rocks and
sediments and
releases phosphate
into soil and water
Sediments form “new land”
to complete cycle
Phosphate returns to
soil and water from
waste or decomposition
SCI.9-12.B-6.4 - [Indicator]
- Exemplify the role of
organisms in the
geochemical cycles
(including the cycles of
carbon, nitrogen, and
water).
Phosphorus cycle
is only biogeochemical
cycle that does
NOT cycle through the
______________
atmosphere
BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006
WHY IS PHOSPHORUS
IMPORTANT?
Makes DNA and RNA
Transfers energy as ATP
Makes phospholipids for cell membranes
Image by Riedell
http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/12-dna.htm
Image by Riedell
SCI.9-12.B-6.1 - [Indicator] Explain how the
interrelationships among
organisms (including predation,
competition, parasitism,
mutualism, and commensalism)
generate stability within
ecosystems.
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91
Community Interactions
Symbiosis
Any relationship in which two
species live closely together is
called symbiosis.
Symbiotic relationships include:
mutualism
commensalism
parasitism
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Community Interactions
Mutualism: both species benefit
from the relationship.
Commensalism: one member of
the association benefits and
the other is neither helped nor
harmed.
Parasitism: one organism lives
on or inside another organism
and harms it.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Species Interactions
Predation
An interaction in which one organism
captures and feeds on another
organism is called predation.
The organism that does the killing
and eating is called the predator,
and the food organism is the prey.
copyright cmassengale
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Symbiosis
Any relationship in which
two species live closely
together is called
symbiosis.
Symbiotic relationships
include:
mutualism
commensalism
parasitism
copyright cmassengale
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SCI.9-12.B-6.1 - [Indicator] Explain how the
interrelationships among
organisms (including predation,
competition, parasitism,
mutualism, and commensalism)
generate stability within
ecosystems.
copyright cmassengale
97
Mutualism: both species
benefit from the relationship
+ + Ex: Bacteria in human
intestines – bacteria gets a
place to live and we get water
reabsorbed
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Commensalism: one member of
the association benefits and
the other is neither helped nor
harmed. + 0 Ex. Barnacles on a
whale The barnacles get a place
to live and transportation and
the whales don’t even know the
barnacles are there.
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Parasitism: one
organism lives on or
inside another organism
and harms it. + - Ex.
Tapeworm and human
Tapeworm gets food
digested and brought to
it and the human is
harmed.
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There are two types of
parasites:
1. Endoparasites live on the
inside of the host.
2. Ectoparasites live on the
outside of the host.
copyright cmassengale
103
SCI.9-12.B-6.1 - [Indicator] Explain how the
interrelationships among
organisms (including predation,
competition, parasitism,
mutualism, and commensalism)
generate stability within
ecosystems.
copyright cmassengale
104