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Ecology SCI.9-12.B-6 - [Standard] - The student will demonstrate an understanding of the interrelationships among organisms and the biotic and abiotic components of their environments. 1 SCI.9-12.B-3.6 - [Indicator] – Illustrate the flow of energy through ecosystems (including food chains, food webs, energy pyramids,number pyramids, and biomass pyramids). copyright cmassengale 2 Energy Flow Through an Ecosystem Food Chains, Food Webs, Energy Pyramids copyright cmassengale 3 ALL ENERGY •Begins with the SUN •With Photosynthesis 6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight & chlorophyll C6H12O6 + 6O2 copyright cmassengale 4 Photosynthesis DO NOT COPY •Chemical reaction where green plants use water & carbon dioxide to store the sun’s energy in glucose •ENERGY is stored in glucose •Glucose is stored as starch in plants copyright cmassengale 5 Organisms that can make glucose during photosynthesis are called PRODUCERS. copyright cmassengale 6 Producers use most of the energy they make for themselves. copyright cmassengale 7 Producers use cellular respiration to supply the energy they need to live. copyright cmassengale 8 6O2 + C6H12O6 --> 6H2O + 6CO2 + energy CELLULAR RESPIRATION is the chemical reaction that releases the energy in glucose.It makes energy in the form of ATP. copyright cmassengale 9 The energy that is not used by producers can be passed on to organisms that cannot make their own energy. copyright cmassengale 10 Organisms that cannot make their own energy are called CONSUMERS. copyright cmassengale 11 There are 4 general types of consumers: Herbivores eat only plants Carnivores eat only animals Omnivores eat plant and animals Decomposers break down decaying organisms Herbivores Zebras eat grass. They are herbivores. Cows are herbivores. Herbivores Hippos are herbivores. Rhinos are herbivores. Carnivores Lions definitely eat meat! Not all carnivores have razor sharp teeth. Consumers that eat producers to get energy: •Are primary consumers copyright cmassengale 16 SCI.9-12.B-3.6 - [Indicator] – Illustrate the flow of energy through ecosystems (including food chains, food webs, energy pyramids,number pyramids, and biomass pyramids). copyright cmassengale 17 A Consumer that Eats Another Consumer for Energy: •Is called a secondary consumer •May be a carnivore or a omnivore •May be a predator •May be a scavenger copyright cmassengale 18 A consumer that eats a consumer that already ate a consumer: •Is called a tertiary consumer •May be a carnivore, a omnivore, predator or a scavenger 19 Consumers that eat other dead consumers are called scavengers 20 The transfer of energy from the sun to producer to primary consumer then to higher order consumers can be shown in a FOOD CHAIN. 21 A lot of the energy is lost as heat, but some energy is stored and can passed on to another consumer. **10% rule – only 10% of the energy at one level is transferred to the next level. 22 More Food Chains 23 Food Webs: •Are interconnected food chains They show the feeding relationships in an ecosystem • 24 Food Chains Show Available Energy 25 Another way of showing the transfer of energy in an ecosystem is the ENERGY PYRAMID 26 Energy Pyramids Show •Amount of available energy decreases for higher consumers It takes a large number of producers to support a small number of primary consumers It takes a large number of primary consumers to support a small number of secondary consumers • • 27 28 29 How Many Chains are in this web? copyright cmassengale 30 Identify the Producers, Consumers, & Decomposers: Count the Food Chains! copyright cmassengale 31 We can show what goes on with the help of a Food Web What would happen if a disease killed off many of the hawks? There will be nothing to eat the snakes, so their numbers will increase. All the frogs get eaten No frogs. More crickets Most of the cattail gets eaten by the crickets Now the crickets don’t have enough food so their numbers go down ..and so on. Numbers of each species have an effect on the numbers of the other species in the web. SCI.9-12.B-3.6 - [Indicator] – Illustrate the flow of energy through ecosystems (including food chains, food webs, energy pyramids,number pyramids, and biomass pyramids). copyright cmassengale 40 What is ecological succession? 41 SCI.9-12.B-6.3 [Indicator] - Illustrate the processes of succession in ecosystems. copyright cmassengale 42 This series of predictable changes that occurs in a community over time is called ecological succession. Sometimes, an ecosystem changes in response to an abrupt disturbance. At other times, changes occur gradually. There are two types: primary and secondary. copyright cmassengale 43 Primary Succession On land, succession that occurs on surfaces where no soil exists is called primary succession. For example, primary succession occurs on rock surfaces formed after volcanoes erupt. The first species to populate the area are called pioneer species. copyright cmassengale 44 The first organisms are always plants!! Autotrophs that make their own food Then small animals (bugs) come in. Then larger plants, then larger animals. copyright cmassengale 45 In this example, a volcanic eruption has destroyed the previous ecosystem. copyright cmassengale 46 The first organisms to appear are lichens. copyright cmassengale 47 Mosses soon appear, and grasses take root in the thin layer of soil copyright cmassengale 48 Eventually, tree seedlings and shrubs sprout among the plant community. copyright cmassengale 49 Secondary Succession All or part of an ecosystem can be changed by natural events, such as fires. When the disturbance is over, community interactions that replace the ecosystem to its original condition are called secondary succession.(Think of this as a replacement community.) copyright cmassengale 50 SCI.9-12.B-6.3 [Indicator] - Illustrate the processes of succession in ecosystems. copyright cmassengale 51 Population-all of the individuals of a species that live together in one place at one time. Demography-the statistical study of populations. It is used to predict how the size of a population will change. SCI.9-12.B-6.2 - [Indicator] Explain how populations are affected by limiting factors (including density-dependent, density-independent, abiotic, and biotic factors). copyright cmassengale 53 KEY FEATURES OF POPULATIONS 1. Population size – is the number of individuals in a population. – has an important effect on the ability of the population to survive. Carrying Capacity – number of organisms an ecosystem can support (don’t copy) A small population is more likely to become extinct: -in the case of random events or natural disaster -due to inbreeding where the population is more genetically alike. Recessive traits are more likely to appear. -with reduced variability it is harder to adapt to changes. copyright cmassengale 54 2. Population density – the number of individuals in a given area. – if they are too far apart they may only rarely encounter one another resulting in little reproduction. copyright cmassengale 55 Carrying capacity – The number of organisms that an environment can support. This can change if the environment changes. copyright cmassengale 56 Exponential growth Logistic Growth copyright cmassengale 57 Normal carrying capacity Carrying capacity changed over time due to a change in the environment. copyright cmassengale 58 KEY FEATURES OF POPULATIONS, con’t Population size is limited by: density-dependent factors Biotic factors Disease Competition Predators Parasites Food Crowding density-independent factors abiotic factors Volcanic eruptions Temperature Storms Floods Drought Chemical pesticides Major habitat disruption (as in the New Orleans flooding) The greater the population, the greater effect these factors have. Ex. Black plague in the Most are abiotic factors Middle Ages – more deaths in cities SCI.9-12.B-6.4 - [Indicator] - Exemplify the role of organisms in the geochemical cycles (including the cycles of carbon, nitrogen, and water). Cycles of Matter A.Recycling in the Biosphere B.The Water Cycle C.Nutrient Cycles 1. 2. 3. The Carbon Cycle The Nitrogen Cycle The Phosphorus Cycle http://mff.dsisd.net/Environment/Cycles.htm ENERGY & MATTER *Energy is not the only thing that moves through the ecosystem. Atoms are never destroyed . . . only transformed. Take a deep breath. The atoms you just inhaled may have been inhaled by a dinosaur millions of years ago. http://educ.queensu.ca/~fmc/august2004/pages/dinobreath.html 4 ATOMS make up 95% of the body in most organisms OXYGEN CARBON HYDROGEN NITROGEN The same molecules are passed around again and again within the biosphere in BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES ___________________________ WATER CYCLE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE = ___________________ http://www.urbanrivers.org/water_cycle.html WHY IS WATER IMPORTANT? Makes up 60-70% of your body building blocks of c Oxygen and Hydrogen are found in all the ________________________: carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids Hydrogen in H2O supplies protons (H+) & electrons for_______________ ells photosynthesis http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/water/molecule.htm WHY IS WATER IMPORTANT? SOLVENT Water is a good _________________ Many molecules dissolve in water so it provides a place for chemical reactions to happen Water doesn’t change temperature easily so it helps with __________________ HOMEOSTASIS http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/water/molecule.htm WATER CYCLE evaporation condensation http://www.radio-canada.ca/jeunesse/fd6/000_images/cat/c_buee_c.gif http://www.css.cornell.edu/faculty/hmv1/watrshed/Etrans.htm The evaporation of water from the surface of plant leaves = ________________ TRANSPIRATION The return of water to the surface in the form of rain, snow, sleet, hail, etc. = ____________________ PRECIPITATION Image edited from: http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/msese/earthsysflr/water.html WATER CYCLE PH ONLINE LINK Put in code: cbp-2033 Choose Start Terms for water cycle Precipitation Evaporation Transpiration Condensation Runoff CARBON CYCLE CO2 in atmosphere CO2 in ocean BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006 SCI.9-12.B-6.4 - [Indicator] - Exemplify the role of organisms in the geochemical cycles (including the cycles of carbon, nitrogen, and water). 4 main CARBON reservoirs in BIOSPHERE 1. 2. 3. 4. In ____________ atmosphere as CO2 gas In _______ as dissolved CO2 gas ocean On _______ in organisms, rocks, soil __________ as coal & petroleum (fossil fuels) and calcium carbonate in rocks land Underground CO2 in atmosphere CO2 in Ocean BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006 Where does CO2 in atmosphere come from? CO2 in atmosphere 1. Volcanic activity 2. Human activity (burning fossil fuels) CO2 in Ocean Cellular respiration 3. _________________ plants and animals release CO2 through respiration and decomposition 4.____________ of dead organisms Decomposition BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006 WHY IS CARBON IMPORTANT? BUILDING Found in all the _______________ of cells:BLOCKS carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids Image by Riedell http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/12-dna.htm WHY IS CARBON IMPORTANT? Carbon in CO2 provides the atoms for __________ production during GLUCOSE __________________... the fuel that all living things depend on. PHOTOSYNTHESIS http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0076.JPG http://www.biologyclass.net/mitochondria.jpg Terms for Carbon cycle Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Combustion Decomposition NITROGEN CYCLE Section 3-3 N2 in Atmosphere NH3 NO3and NO2- BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006 WHY IS NITROGEN IMPORTANT? NITROGEN BASES make DNA and RNA Adenine (nitrogen base) is used in ATP Makes AMINO part of amino acids (proteins) Image by Riedell http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/12-dna.htm Image by Riedell 79% of the atmosphere is made up of NITROGEN gas (N2) CAN’T BUT we _____ use the nitrogen gas we breathe! The bond in N2 gas is so strong it can only be broken by lightning _______________ Volcanic activity _______________ few special bacteria ____________________ Image by Riedell http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/12-dna.htm Image by Riedell in the soil Bacteria that live ______________ symbiotic and in _________ relationships with legumes plants called _________, take nitrogen from the atmosphere and AMMONIA (NH ) turn it into ______________, a form that is usable by plants. 3 THIS PROCESS IS CALLED NITROGEN FIXATION _________________ http://www.slic2.wsu.edu:82/hurlbert/micro101/images/101nodules21.gif Other bacteria in the soil convert NITRATES (NO ) ammonia into ________________ & NITRITES (NO ) & _________________ which plants can also use. The nitrogen we need for proteins, ATP, and nucleic acids comes from FOOD WE EAT the ___________ NOT THE AIR ___________ we breathe! 3 2 - - Image from: http://www.utdallas.edu/images/departments/biology/misc/gonzalez-image.jpg and http://www.cibike.org/CartoonEating.gif modified by Riedell NITROGEN CYCLE Section 3-3 N2 in Atmosphere NH3 NO3and NO2- BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006 in the soil Bacteria that live ______________ also carry out the reverse process NITRATES & NITRITES ___________ → NITROGEN GAS _____________ THIS PROCESS IS CALLED DENITRIFICATION _________________ . N2 NH3 NO2 Nitrogen ammonia nitrite NO3 N2 nitrate ammonification nitrification denitrification All of these processes are done by bacteria. Terms for Nitrogen Cycle Ammonification Nitrification Denitrification Nitrogen Fixation by bacteria Image from: Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall PHOSPHORUS CYCLE Phosphate moves through food web Producers absorb phosphate from soil and water Weathering wears away rocks and sediments and releases phosphate into soil and water Sediments form “new land” to complete cycle Phosphate returns to soil and water from waste or decomposition SCI.9-12.B-6.4 - [Indicator] - Exemplify the role of organisms in the geochemical cycles (including the cycles of carbon, nitrogen, and water). Phosphorus cycle is only biogeochemical cycle that does NOT cycle through the ______________ atmosphere BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006 WHY IS PHOSPHORUS IMPORTANT? Makes DNA and RNA Transfers energy as ATP Makes phospholipids for cell membranes Image by Riedell http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/12-dna.htm Image by Riedell SCI.9-12.B-6.1 - [Indicator] Explain how the interrelationships among organisms (including predation, competition, parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism) generate stability within ecosystems. copyright cmassengale 91 Community Interactions Symbiosis Any relationship in which two species live closely together is called symbiosis. Symbiotic relationships include: mutualism commensalism parasitism Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Community Interactions Mutualism: both species benefit from the relationship. Commensalism: one member of the association benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed. Parasitism: one organism lives on or inside another organism and harms it. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Species Interactions Predation An interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism is called predation. The organism that does the killing and eating is called the predator, and the food organism is the prey. copyright cmassengale 94 Symbiosis Any relationship in which two species live closely together is called symbiosis. Symbiotic relationships include: mutualism commensalism parasitism copyright cmassengale 96 SCI.9-12.B-6.1 - [Indicator] Explain how the interrelationships among organisms (including predation, competition, parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism) generate stability within ecosystems. copyright cmassengale 97 Mutualism: both species benefit from the relationship + + Ex: Bacteria in human intestines – bacteria gets a place to live and we get water reabsorbed copyright cmassengale 98 Commensalism: one member of the association benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed. + 0 Ex. Barnacles on a whale The barnacles get a place to live and transportation and the whales don’t even know the barnacles are there. copyright cmassengale 100 Parasitism: one organism lives on or inside another organism and harms it. + - Ex. Tapeworm and human Tapeworm gets food digested and brought to it and the human is harmed. copyright cmassengale 102 There are two types of parasites: 1. Endoparasites live on the inside of the host. 2. Ectoparasites live on the outside of the host. copyright cmassengale 103 SCI.9-12.B-6.1 - [Indicator] Explain how the interrelationships among organisms (including predation, competition, parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism) generate stability within ecosystems. copyright cmassengale 104