Slide 1
... organic molecules, generating many NADH and FADH2 molecules The citric acid cycle – is also called the Krebs cycle (after the German-British researcher Hans Krebs, who worked out much of this pathway in the 1930s), – completes the oxidation of organic molecules, and – generates many NADH and FADH2 ...
... organic molecules, generating many NADH and FADH2 molecules The citric acid cycle – is also called the Krebs cycle (after the German-British researcher Hans Krebs, who worked out much of this pathway in the 1930s), – completes the oxidation of organic molecules, and – generates many NADH and FADH2 ...
chapter 9 cellular respiration: harvesting chemical
... with the compound oxaloacetate, forming citrate. The next seven steps decompose the citrate back to oxaloacetate. It is the regeneration of oxaloacetate that makes this process a cycle. Three CO2 molecules are released, including the one released during the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA. ...
... with the compound oxaloacetate, forming citrate. The next seven steps decompose the citrate back to oxaloacetate. It is the regeneration of oxaloacetate that makes this process a cycle. Three CO2 molecules are released, including the one released during the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA. ...
Case study 2: degradation of crude oil by halophilic Archaea
... – Plants on side of freeways are taking up lead from gas exhaust ...
... – Plants on side of freeways are taking up lead from gas exhaust ...
Brock Biology of Microorganisms, 11e (Madigan/Martinko)
... 47) There are chemotrophic denitrifying bacteria that can couple the oxidation of Fe2+ to the reduction of NO3– and N2, and can grow under anoxic conditions. Answer: TRUE 48) N2O can be converted to NO by sunlight. Answer: TRUE 49) Sulfate reduction can be either assimilative or dissimilative. Answe ...
... 47) There are chemotrophic denitrifying bacteria that can couple the oxidation of Fe2+ to the reduction of NO3– and N2, and can grow under anoxic conditions. Answer: TRUE 48) N2O can be converted to NO by sunlight. Answer: TRUE 49) Sulfate reduction can be either assimilative or dissimilative. Answe ...
BioCore II lecture20-S2015
... Explain how a circular pathway, such as the citric acid cycle, fundamentally differs from a linear pathway, such as glycolysis Describe how pyruvate, the product of glycolysis, is prepared for entry into the citric acid cycle ...
... Explain how a circular pathway, such as the citric acid cycle, fundamentally differs from a linear pathway, such as glycolysis Describe how pyruvate, the product of glycolysis, is prepared for entry into the citric acid cycle ...
chapter 34: bacteria
... stains in classifying prokaryotic organisms, particularly the bacteria. Two major types of bacteria can be classified as being Gram negative (red stain) or Gram positive (purple stain) based on their outer membrane construction. Morphologically, most bacteria appear either spherical (cocci), rod-sha ...
... stains in classifying prokaryotic organisms, particularly the bacteria. Two major types of bacteria can be classified as being Gram negative (red stain) or Gram positive (purple stain) based on their outer membrane construction. Morphologically, most bacteria appear either spherical (cocci), rod-sha ...
Camp 1 - University of California, Santa Cruz
... Fatty Acids and Energy • Fatty acids in triglycerides are the principal storage form ...
... Fatty Acids and Energy • Fatty acids in triglycerides are the principal storage form ...
ATP
... Prediction: HYP TRUE - RBCs in <5% salt will swell, RBCs in >5% salt will shrink. HYP FALSE – other observation about cell size Independent variable: % salt in water Dependent variable: size of cell (shrink, grow) Control: RBC in blood serum (shouldn’t change) Constants: source of RBCs, amount of li ...
... Prediction: HYP TRUE - RBCs in <5% salt will swell, RBCs in >5% salt will shrink. HYP FALSE – other observation about cell size Independent variable: % salt in water Dependent variable: size of cell (shrink, grow) Control: RBC in blood serum (shouldn’t change) Constants: source of RBCs, amount of li ...
Endospore production by Bacillus subtilis The Bacterial Endospore
... Microm 410 Fall 2009: Endospores & heterocysts Dr. Parsek ...
... Microm 410 Fall 2009: Endospores & heterocysts Dr. Parsek ...
NAD - wwphs
... Acetyl CoA enters mitochondria matrix and reacts with oxaloacetate Citrate (aka citric acid cycle) A series of reactions will yield oxaloacetate again (aka cycle) Each pyruvate makes 3 NADH, 1FADH2, 1ATP, 2 CO2 How many per glucose? ...
... Acetyl CoA enters mitochondria matrix and reacts with oxaloacetate Citrate (aka citric acid cycle) A series of reactions will yield oxaloacetate again (aka cycle) Each pyruvate makes 3 NADH, 1FADH2, 1ATP, 2 CO2 How many per glucose? ...
Citric Acid Cycle
... Why is citric acid cycle so important? Citric acid cycle is of central importance in all living cells that use oxygen as part of cellular respiration. In aerobic organisms, the citric acid cycle is part of a metabolic pathway involved in the chemical conversion of carbohydrates, fats and proteins i ...
... Why is citric acid cycle so important? Citric acid cycle is of central importance in all living cells that use oxygen as part of cellular respiration. In aerobic organisms, the citric acid cycle is part of a metabolic pathway involved in the chemical conversion of carbohydrates, fats and proteins i ...
biology_notes_-_module_1_-_version_2 - HSC Guru
... Transects can be used to determine the distribution of an organism. Transects - A transect is a narrow strip that crosses the entire area being studied, from one side to the other. Transects provide an accurate and easy method of representing an area. Plants are usually the subjects of transects, bu ...
... Transects can be used to determine the distribution of an organism. Transects - A transect is a narrow strip that crosses the entire area being studied, from one side to the other. Transects provide an accurate and easy method of representing an area. Plants are usually the subjects of transects, bu ...
Chapter 4: Chemical Quantities and Aqueous Reactions
... 1. For the atoms in a neutral species—an isolated atom, a molecule, or a formula unit—the sum of all the oxidation numbers is 0. 2. For the atoms in an ion, the sum of the oxidation numbers is equal to the charge on the ion. 3. In compounds, the group 1A metals all have an oxidation number of + ...
... 1. For the atoms in a neutral species—an isolated atom, a molecule, or a formula unit—the sum of all the oxidation numbers is 0. 2. For the atoms in an ion, the sum of the oxidation numbers is equal to the charge on the ion. 3. In compounds, the group 1A metals all have an oxidation number of + ...
Biochemistry Unit Homework (Chapters 5 and 8)
... 2. Make a chart to contrast a system with high free energy versus a system with low free energy for the following factors: work capacity, equilibrium, spontaneity, and stability. 3. Contrast and compare exergonic reactions versus endergonic reactions. Which reaction type matches with catabolic react ...
... 2. Make a chart to contrast a system with high free energy versus a system with low free energy for the following factors: work capacity, equilibrium, spontaneity, and stability. 3. Contrast and compare exergonic reactions versus endergonic reactions. Which reaction type matches with catabolic react ...
Cellular respiration
... hydrogen sulfide + water + carbon dioxide + oxygen sugar + sulfuric acid ...
... hydrogen sulfide + water + carbon dioxide + oxygen sugar + sulfuric acid ...
Explain the biological transformation of sulphur
... in acidity proportional to the amount of cystine transformed. In poorly buffered substrates the pH may drop sufficiently to inhibit growth of most bacteria. The acidity results not only from the sulphuric acid produced, but also from the nitric acid that originates from the ammonia released ...
... in acidity proportional to the amount of cystine transformed. In poorly buffered substrates the pH may drop sufficiently to inhibit growth of most bacteria. The acidity results not only from the sulphuric acid produced, but also from the nitric acid that originates from the ammonia released ...
Crustacean Physiology in Ribeirão Preto
... Acetyl CoA brings acetyl units into the citric acid cycle, where they are completely oxidized to CO2. Four pairs of electrons are transferred (three to NAD+ and one to FAD) for each acetyl group that is oxidized. Then, a proton gradient is generated as electrons flow from the reduced forms of these ...
... Acetyl CoA brings acetyl units into the citric acid cycle, where they are completely oxidized to CO2. Four pairs of electrons are transferred (three to NAD+ and one to FAD) for each acetyl group that is oxidized. Then, a proton gradient is generated as electrons flow from the reduced forms of these ...
Session 2
... Temperature and pH value can alter an enzymes Directly or indirectly, almost all of the energy in living systems needed for metabolism comes from the sun. Metabolism involves either using energy to build molecules or breaking down molecules in which energy is stored. Photosynthesis is the proc ...
... Temperature and pH value can alter an enzymes Directly or indirectly, almost all of the energy in living systems needed for metabolism comes from the sun. Metabolism involves either using energy to build molecules or breaking down molecules in which energy is stored. Photosynthesis is the proc ...
fermentation
... • Both autotrophs and heterotrophs use cellular respiration to make CO2 and water from organic compounds and O2. • The products of cellular respiration are the reactants in photosynthesis; conversely, the products of photosynthesis are reactants in cellular respiration. • Cellular respiration can be ...
... • Both autotrophs and heterotrophs use cellular respiration to make CO2 and water from organic compounds and O2. • The products of cellular respiration are the reactants in photosynthesis; conversely, the products of photosynthesis are reactants in cellular respiration. • Cellular respiration can be ...
Fatty acid breakdown
... cis conformation, enoyl-CoA hydratase cannot work on as it requires a trans bond • The actions of an isomerase and a reductase convert the cis bond to trans, resulting in a substrate for b-oxidation ...
... cis conformation, enoyl-CoA hydratase cannot work on as it requires a trans bond • The actions of an isomerase and a reductase convert the cis bond to trans, resulting in a substrate for b-oxidation ...
File
... process, usually involving energy released from the metabolism of food. Then ATP transfers free energy to an endergonic process by phosphorylating other molecules. By doing this it becomes ADP again and is available to begin a new cycle. 7. The first group (glutamic acid, NH3 and ATP) has more free ...
... process, usually involving energy released from the metabolism of food. Then ATP transfers free energy to an endergonic process by phosphorylating other molecules. By doing this it becomes ADP again and is available to begin a new cycle. 7. The first group (glutamic acid, NH3 and ATP) has more free ...
Microbial metabolism
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe’s ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles.== Types of microbial metabolism ==All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesising cell mass: autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2) heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing: chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds phototrophic – energy is obtained from lightIn practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows: chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Knallgas-bacteria photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. Examples: Cyanobacteria (water (H2O) as reducing equivalent donor), Chlorobiaceae, Chromatiaceae (hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as reducing equivalent donor), Chloroflexus (hydrogen (H2) as reducing equivalent donor) chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2). Examples: some Thiobacilus, some Beggiatoa, some Nitrobacter spp., Wolinella (with H2 as reducing equivalent donor), some Knallgas-bacteria, some sulfate-reducing bacteria chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Examples: most bacteria, e. g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Actinobacteria photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodocyclus, Heliobacterium, Chloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)