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... Fig. 9.11 overview of citric acid cycle (NADH, FADH2, ATP and CO2 produced) Fig. 9.12 closer look at the Citric acid cycle 9.4 Oxidative phosphorylation, chemiosmosis couples electron transport to ATP synthesis Most of the ATP is produced in this Step of cell respiration! Oxygen is the final electro ...
... Fig. 9.11 overview of citric acid cycle (NADH, FADH2, ATP and CO2 produced) Fig. 9.12 closer look at the Citric acid cycle 9.4 Oxidative phosphorylation, chemiosmosis couples electron transport to ATP synthesis Most of the ATP is produced in this Step of cell respiration! Oxygen is the final electro ...
NotesSkeletalMuscleActivity
... 4. Binding of ATP causes cross bridge to disconnect from actin. 5. Hydrolysis of ATP leads to re-energizing and repositioning of the cross bridge. 6. Active transport of calcium ions into the sarcoplasmic reticulum. ...
... 4. Binding of ATP causes cross bridge to disconnect from actin. 5. Hydrolysis of ATP leads to re-energizing and repositioning of the cross bridge. 6. Active transport of calcium ions into the sarcoplasmic reticulum. ...
The Presence and Function of Cytochromes in
... (Chemap AG, Mannedorf ZH, Switzerland) with a pH controller (de Vries u t al. 1973) in the media described above. Selenomonas ruminantium was also cultured with lactose replaced by glycerol (10 g/l) and galactose (0.5 g/l). S. ruminantium was cultured at pH 6.5, Anaerovibrio lipolytica and Veillonel ...
... (Chemap AG, Mannedorf ZH, Switzerland) with a pH controller (de Vries u t al. 1973) in the media described above. Selenomonas ruminantium was also cultured with lactose replaced by glycerol (10 g/l) and galactose (0.5 g/l). S. ruminantium was cultured at pH 6.5, Anaerovibrio lipolytica and Veillonel ...
AP® BIOLOGY 2010 SCORING GUIDELINES (Form B)
... breakdown of dead matter returns nutrients to the soil, and 1 point was earned for mention of this contribution to the recycling of nutrients in ecosystems. The genetic engineering portion of the response, part (b), earned 1 point for noting the use of vectors such as a genetically engineered bacter ...
... breakdown of dead matter returns nutrients to the soil, and 1 point was earned for mention of this contribution to the recycling of nutrients in ecosystems. The genetic engineering portion of the response, part (b), earned 1 point for noting the use of vectors such as a genetically engineered bacter ...
File E-Leraning : METABOLISME
... protons to create electrochemical gradient • Protons move through proton channels, and release energy to synthesize ATP from ADP and Pi • The many processes of ATP synthesis are all continuous ...
... protons to create electrochemical gradient • Protons move through proton channels, and release energy to synthesize ATP from ADP and Pi • The many processes of ATP synthesis are all continuous ...
Biological Pathways I
... and from light is transformed into ATP - the energy currency A large amount of free energy is liberated when ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP & Pi, or ATP to AMP & PPi ATP + H2O ADP + Pi ...
... and from light is transformed into ATP - the energy currency A large amount of free energy is liberated when ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP & Pi, or ATP to AMP & PPi ATP + H2O ADP + Pi ...
Cellular Respiration
... •As hydrogen ions flow down their gradient, they cause the cylinder portion and attached rod of ATP synthase to rotate. •The spinning rod causes a conformational change in the knob region, activating catalytic sites where ADP and inorganic phosphate combine to make ATP. •Chemiosmosis is an energy-co ...
... •As hydrogen ions flow down their gradient, they cause the cylinder portion and attached rod of ATP synthase to rotate. •The spinning rod causes a conformational change in the knob region, activating catalytic sites where ADP and inorganic phosphate combine to make ATP. •Chemiosmosis is an energy-co ...
Citric Acid Cycle
... group (uses FAD and NAD+ , makes NADH) • Transfer to CoASH (uses lipoic acid) ...
... group (uses FAD and NAD+ , makes NADH) • Transfer to CoASH (uses lipoic acid) ...
Energy For Movement
... glucose-6-phosphate before it can be used for energy. For glucose this process takes 1 ATP. • Glycolysis ultimately produces pyruvic acid which is then converted to lactic acid in the absence of oxygen. • Gycolysis requires 12 enzymatic reactions to form lactic acid which occur within the cells cyto ...
... glucose-6-phosphate before it can be used for energy. For glucose this process takes 1 ATP. • Glycolysis ultimately produces pyruvic acid which is then converted to lactic acid in the absence of oxygen. • Gycolysis requires 12 enzymatic reactions to form lactic acid which occur within the cells cyto ...
1 The Nitrogen Cycle the cycling of nitrogen through the biosphere
... Nitrate levels were analyzed from living material and soil samples in three different ecosystems (grassland, temperate rain forest, and tropical rain forest) in the same month. To determine the mass of nitrates in living things, all living plant maer was collected in a study area and the levels of n ...
... Nitrate levels were analyzed from living material and soil samples in three different ecosystems (grassland, temperate rain forest, and tropical rain forest) in the same month. To determine the mass of nitrates in living things, all living plant maer was collected in a study area and the levels of n ...
harvesting chemical energy
... Unlike the explosive release of heat energy that occurs when H2 and O2 are combined (with a spark for activation energy), cellular respiration uses an electron transport chain to break the fall of electrons to O2 into several steps. ...
... Unlike the explosive release of heat energy that occurs when H2 and O2 are combined (with a spark for activation energy), cellular respiration uses an electron transport chain to break the fall of electrons to O2 into several steps. ...
Archaea
... bacterioopsin protein which drives proton transport.[9] The proton gradient which is formed can then be used to generate chemical energy by ATP synthase. ...
... bacterioopsin protein which drives proton transport.[9] The proton gradient which is formed can then be used to generate chemical energy by ATP synthase. ...
Chapter 8 Cellular Respiration Dr. Harold Kay Njemanze 8.1
... two electrons and a hydrogen ion (H+); this results in NADH + H+. 3. Electrons received by NAD+ and FAD are high-energy electrons and are usually carried to the electron transport chain. 4. NAD+ is a coenzyme of oxidation-reduction since it both accepts and gives up electrons; thus, NAD+ is sometime ...
... two electrons and a hydrogen ion (H+); this results in NADH + H+. 3. Electrons received by NAD+ and FAD are high-energy electrons and are usually carried to the electron transport chain. 4. NAD+ is a coenzyme of oxidation-reduction since it both accepts and gives up electrons; thus, NAD+ is sometime ...
Chapter 8 Cellular Respiration 8.1 Cellular Respiration 1. Cellular
... two electrons and a hydrogen ion (H+); this results in NADH + H+. 3. Electrons received by NAD+ and FAD are high-energy electrons and are usually carried to the electron transport chain. 4. NAD+ is a coenzyme of oxidation-reduction since it both accepts and gives up electrons; thus, NAD+ is sometime ...
... two electrons and a hydrogen ion (H+); this results in NADH + H+. 3. Electrons received by NAD+ and FAD are high-energy electrons and are usually carried to the electron transport chain. 4. NAD+ is a coenzyme of oxidation-reduction since it both accepts and gives up electrons; thus, NAD+ is sometime ...
Microbiology Of Fermented Foods and Beverages by momina
... Consist of species which are adaptable to less nutrient rich environments. Inhabit habitats like: meat, low pH foods, ethanolic environments, milk etc. Capable of breaking down sugars to produce lactic acid and other products. Make them very important in fermentations. ...
... Consist of species which are adaptable to less nutrient rich environments. Inhabit habitats like: meat, low pH foods, ethanolic environments, milk etc. Capable of breaking down sugars to produce lactic acid and other products. Make them very important in fermentations. ...
cellular-respiration 1
... 2. Two electrons and one hydrogen ion are accepted by NAD+, resulting in two NADH; later, when the NADH molecules pass two electrons to the electron transport chain, they become NAD+ again. 3. The oxidation of G3P and subsequent substrates results in four high-energy phosphate groups, which are used ...
... 2. Two electrons and one hydrogen ion are accepted by NAD+, resulting in two NADH; later, when the NADH molecules pass two electrons to the electron transport chain, they become NAD+ again. 3. The oxidation of G3P and subsequent substrates results in four high-energy phosphate groups, which are used ...
chapter 9
... http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookDiversity_2.html Website on bacterial diversity with many different links ...
... http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookDiversity_2.html Website on bacterial diversity with many different links ...
Nitrogen Acquisition and Amino Acid Metabolism
... c. Prevalent forms of nitrogen i. atomospheric nitrogen (78% of atmosphere) ii. nitrate anions (NO3-) iii. These are oxidized forms of nitrogen. iv. We have to have reduced form. d. There are 2 ways to convert the oxidized forms into reduced states. i. Nitrogen Fixation – deals with gaseous nitrogen ...
... c. Prevalent forms of nitrogen i. atomospheric nitrogen (78% of atmosphere) ii. nitrate anions (NO3-) iii. These are oxidized forms of nitrogen. iv. We have to have reduced form. d. There are 2 ways to convert the oxidized forms into reduced states. i. Nitrogen Fixation – deals with gaseous nitrogen ...
electron transport chain
... Comparing Fermentation with Anaerobic and Aerobic Respiration • All use glycolysis (net ATP = 2) to oxidize glucose and harvest chemical energy of food • In all three, NAD+ is the oxidizing agent that accepts electrons during glycolysis • The processes have different final electron acceptors: an or ...
... Comparing Fermentation with Anaerobic and Aerobic Respiration • All use glycolysis (net ATP = 2) to oxidize glucose and harvest chemical energy of food • In all three, NAD+ is the oxidizing agent that accepts electrons during glycolysis • The processes have different final electron acceptors: an or ...
Microbial metabolism
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe’s ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles.== Types of microbial metabolism ==All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesising cell mass: autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2) heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing: chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds phototrophic – energy is obtained from lightIn practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows: chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Knallgas-bacteria photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. Examples: Cyanobacteria (water (H2O) as reducing equivalent donor), Chlorobiaceae, Chromatiaceae (hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as reducing equivalent donor), Chloroflexus (hydrogen (H2) as reducing equivalent donor) chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2). Examples: some Thiobacilus, some Beggiatoa, some Nitrobacter spp., Wolinella (with H2 as reducing equivalent donor), some Knallgas-bacteria, some sulfate-reducing bacteria chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Examples: most bacteria, e. g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Actinobacteria photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodocyclus, Heliobacterium, Chloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)