Chapter 25
... • 1 molecule of glucose yields only 2 ATP • Yields very little energy on its own, but it is enough to power your muscles for short periods • Some bacteria are entirely anaerobic and survive by performing only glycolysis • RBCs and working muscle tissue use glycolysis as their primary source of ATP ...
... • 1 molecule of glucose yields only 2 ATP • Yields very little energy on its own, but it is enough to power your muscles for short periods • Some bacteria are entirely anaerobic and survive by performing only glycolysis • RBCs and working muscle tissue use glycolysis as their primary source of ATP ...
Chapter 24 Metabolism
... mostly rich in C-H and C-C bonds. In the body, these are broken down and turned into C-O bonds that are then breathed out as carbon dioxide. In the process, some of the energy released by breaking those bonds is captured to make ATP ...
... mostly rich in C-H and C-C bonds. In the body, these are broken down and turned into C-O bonds that are then breathed out as carbon dioxide. In the process, some of the energy released by breaking those bonds is captured to make ATP ...
1. One of the isomers of C4H10O is the alcohol 2-methylpropan-2
... suggest how the rate of this reaction would alter if deuterated benzene, C6D6, were used instead of ordinary benzene, C6H6, and explain your answer. ...
... suggest how the rate of this reaction would alter if deuterated benzene, C6D6, were used instead of ordinary benzene, C6H6, and explain your answer. ...
Biological Energy Systems
... of glycolysis, pyruvate, is not converted to lactate but is transported to the mitochondria, where it is taken up and enters the Krebs cycle.) • NADH and FADH2 molecules transport hydrogen atoms to the electron transport chain, where ATP is produced from ADP. ...
... of glycolysis, pyruvate, is not converted to lactate but is transported to the mitochondria, where it is taken up and enters the Krebs cycle.) • NADH and FADH2 molecules transport hydrogen atoms to the electron transport chain, where ATP is produced from ADP. ...
PowerPoint® slides
... arising from the use or modifications to the slides. Client acknowledges and accepts that University services are provided on an as-is basis. ...
... arising from the use or modifications to the slides. Client acknowledges and accepts that University services are provided on an as-is basis. ...
Scholarly Interest Report
... My current interest is the theoretical basis for ammonia detoxication in vertebrate liver. This ammonia may be of either hepatic or extrahe- patic origin. Liver tissue is the site of gluconeogenesis in higher vertebrates and, during this process, amino acids are deaminated, forming ammonia. Extrahep ...
... My current interest is the theoretical basis for ammonia detoxication in vertebrate liver. This ammonia may be of either hepatic or extrahe- patic origin. Liver tissue is the site of gluconeogenesis in higher vertebrates and, during this process, amino acids are deaminated, forming ammonia. Extrahep ...
ELEM_CouvC_V1n3 copy
... would provide a catalyst to drive a broad range of essential protobiochemical reactions (Wächtershäuser 1992). Perhaps the most imaginative aspect of Wächtershäuser’s iron-sulfur world hypothesis was the proposal that Earth’s first organism existed not encapsulated in a roughly spherical cellular me ...
... would provide a catalyst to drive a broad range of essential protobiochemical reactions (Wächtershäuser 1992). Perhaps the most imaginative aspect of Wächtershäuser’s iron-sulfur world hypothesis was the proposal that Earth’s first organism existed not encapsulated in a roughly spherical cellular me ...
9–1 Chemical Pathways - Springboro Community Schools
... As you can see, cellular respiration requires oxygen, a food molecule such as glucose, and gives off carbon dioxide, water, and energy. Do not be misled, however, by the simplicity of this equation. If cellular respiration took place in just one step, all of the energy from glucose would be released ...
... As you can see, cellular respiration requires oxygen, a food molecule such as glucose, and gives off carbon dioxide, water, and energy. Do not be misled, however, by the simplicity of this equation. If cellular respiration took place in just one step, all of the energy from glucose would be released ...
Biochemistry of Cardiac Muscle and Lung
... to synthesize and transfer in the form of energy-rich phosphate bonds to sustain excitation-contraction coupling. ...
... to synthesize and transfer in the form of energy-rich phosphate bonds to sustain excitation-contraction coupling. ...
QA1
... The wire is then ready to be used. If a sample solution is being tested, immerse the wire into the solution and then put the wire into a colourless flame and note the colour of the flame. Caution should be made not to burn the glass part of the platinum wire; otherwise, it will be broken. Sodium com ...
... The wire is then ready to be used. If a sample solution is being tested, immerse the wire into the solution and then put the wire into a colourless flame and note the colour of the flame. Caution should be made not to burn the glass part of the platinum wire; otherwise, it will be broken. Sodium com ...
Tutorial: Metabolic Signaling in the b-Cell
... triphosphate (ATP), the primary energy molecule. The ATP powers many of the energy-requiring chemical reactions that occur in the cell. However, in b-cells the ATP molecule and several intermediates of metabolism act also as signaling molecules. They tell the b-cell the level of blood glucose, so th ...
... triphosphate (ATP), the primary energy molecule. The ATP powers many of the energy-requiring chemical reactions that occur in the cell. However, in b-cells the ATP molecule and several intermediates of metabolism act also as signaling molecules. They tell the b-cell the level of blood glucose, so th ...
Factors That Affect Microbial Growth
... (1) Strict aerobe—use O2 as e acceptor in respiration (2) Facultative anaerobe—use O2 as aerobe, but can use NO2, SO4 etc. in absence of O2, organic acids + wastes (3) Obligate anaerobe—grow in absence of O2, reducing agents, eg. sulfite, thioglycolate, cysteine added to media ...
... (1) Strict aerobe—use O2 as e acceptor in respiration (2) Facultative anaerobe—use O2 as aerobe, but can use NO2, SO4 etc. in absence of O2, organic acids + wastes (3) Obligate anaerobe—grow in absence of O2, reducing agents, eg. sulfite, thioglycolate, cysteine added to media ...
Ch 4 Building Blocks
... Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. ...
... Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. ...
Lecture 7 Citric acid cycle
... results in the generation of glucose from noncarbohydrate carbon substrates such as lactate, glycerol, and glucogenic amino acids. ...
... results in the generation of glucose from noncarbohydrate carbon substrates such as lactate, glycerol, and glucogenic amino acids. ...
1.-ATP-and-phosphorylation
... • ATP is used to transfer energy to synthetic pathways and other cellular processes where energy is required (anabolic). • ATP transfer energy from processes that make energy (catabolic) • It acts as a link between the 2 types of reactions: ...
... • ATP is used to transfer energy to synthetic pathways and other cellular processes where energy is required (anabolic). • ATP transfer energy from processes that make energy (catabolic) • It acts as a link between the 2 types of reactions: ...
Exam #1
... Chapter 18 –Know the basic structure of the mitochondria—what locations do glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport of oxidative phosphorylation take place (cytosol, intermembrane space, matrix). Basic idea of electrons being passes from complex I complex IV. You do not have to memorized s ...
... Chapter 18 –Know the basic structure of the mitochondria—what locations do glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport of oxidative phosphorylation take place (cytosol, intermembrane space, matrix). Basic idea of electrons being passes from complex I complex IV. You do not have to memorized s ...
Nitrogen Fixation: Nitrogen fixation is one process by which
... Some cyanobacteria fix nitrogen in aquatic ecosystems Organisms that fix nitrogen are fulfilling their own metabolic requirements, but the excess ammonia they release becomes available to other organisms ...
... Some cyanobacteria fix nitrogen in aquatic ecosystems Organisms that fix nitrogen are fulfilling their own metabolic requirements, but the excess ammonia they release becomes available to other organisms ...
Chapter 6 How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy
... NADH and FADH2 molecules With the help of CoA, the acetyl (two-carbon) compound enters the citric acid cycle – At this point, the acetyl group associates with a fourcarbon molecule forming a six-carbon molecule – The six-carbon molecule then passes through a series of redox reactions that regenera ...
... NADH and FADH2 molecules With the help of CoA, the acetyl (two-carbon) compound enters the citric acid cycle – At this point, the acetyl group associates with a fourcarbon molecule forming a six-carbon molecule – The six-carbon molecule then passes through a series of redox reactions that regenera ...
Chapter 6
... Some organisms do not have the enzymes for Kreb’s cycle or the electron transport system. Some organisms can metabolize glucose in the absence of oxygen. Metabolizing glucose in the absence of oxygen is called anaerobic respiration. ...
... Some organisms do not have the enzymes for Kreb’s cycle or the electron transport system. Some organisms can metabolize glucose in the absence of oxygen. Metabolizing glucose in the absence of oxygen is called anaerobic respiration. ...
new04CH4E28.62W
... 1. Pyruvic acid from glycolysis is converted to acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA). 2. Acetyl CoA enters the Krebs cycle and forms 2 ATP, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen. 3. Hydrogen in the cell combines with two coenzymes that carry it to the electron transport chain. 4. Electron transport chain recombine ...
... 1. Pyruvic acid from glycolysis is converted to acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA). 2. Acetyl CoA enters the Krebs cycle and forms 2 ATP, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen. 3. Hydrogen in the cell combines with two coenzymes that carry it to the electron transport chain. 4. Electron transport chain recombine ...
Carbohydrate Metabolism
... chain phosphorylation in the mitochondria. 2. This can be done by using special carriers for hydrogen of NADH+H+ These carriers are either dihydroxyacetone phosphate (Glycerophosphate shuttle) or oxaloacetate (aspartate malate shuttle). a) Glycerophosphate shuttle: 1) It is important in certain musc ...
... chain phosphorylation in the mitochondria. 2. This can be done by using special carriers for hydrogen of NADH+H+ These carriers are either dihydroxyacetone phosphate (Glycerophosphate shuttle) or oxaloacetate (aspartate malate shuttle). a) Glycerophosphate shuttle: 1) It is important in certain musc ...
Microbial metabolism
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe’s ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles.== Types of microbial metabolism ==All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesising cell mass: autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2) heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing: chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds phototrophic – energy is obtained from lightIn practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows: chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Knallgas-bacteria photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. Examples: Cyanobacteria (water (H2O) as reducing equivalent donor), Chlorobiaceae, Chromatiaceae (hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as reducing equivalent donor), Chloroflexus (hydrogen (H2) as reducing equivalent donor) chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2). Examples: some Thiobacilus, some Beggiatoa, some Nitrobacter spp., Wolinella (with H2 as reducing equivalent donor), some Knallgas-bacteria, some sulfate-reducing bacteria chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Examples: most bacteria, e. g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Actinobacteria photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodocyclus, Heliobacterium, Chloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)