Cell Energy
... Which one of the following is true about the ATP molecule? a) It contains two phosphate groups. b) Extremely stable bonds link the second and third phosphate groups c) It contains the six-carbon sugar hexose d) It contains a nitrogenous base molecule called adenine e) None of the choices are correct ...
... Which one of the following is true about the ATP molecule? a) It contains two phosphate groups. b) Extremely stable bonds link the second and third phosphate groups c) It contains the six-carbon sugar hexose d) It contains a nitrogenous base molecule called adenine e) None of the choices are correct ...
CELL METABOLISM
... muscle when the demand for ATP rapidly increases at a time when oxygen is in low supply, such as in strenuous exercise. 5. The skeletal muscle cells are able to meet their increased requirement for ATP by increasing the rate of glycolysis and producing ATP, despite the fact that little or no oxygen ...
... muscle when the demand for ATP rapidly increases at a time when oxygen is in low supply, such as in strenuous exercise. 5. The skeletal muscle cells are able to meet their increased requirement for ATP by increasing the rate of glycolysis and producing ATP, despite the fact that little or no oxygen ...
NeponsetPresentation - BIOEEOS660-f12
... lawns and golf courses, leaky sewers, bad septic systems, and dams all contribute excess nutrients to the system (Neponset.org). ammonia concentrations are below the chronic water quality criteria for ammonia. Concentrations ranged from 0-0.295 mg/L, which is normal. The MWRA found that nitrate and ...
... lawns and golf courses, leaky sewers, bad septic systems, and dams all contribute excess nutrients to the system (Neponset.org). ammonia concentrations are below the chronic water quality criteria for ammonia. Concentrations ranged from 0-0.295 mg/L, which is normal. The MWRA found that nitrate and ...
File
... populations would increase indefinitely. In the real world this is not the case…. Every area has a carrying capacity or number of organisms of one species that an environment can support. 2. Carrying Capacity is determined by Carrying capacity limiting factors… things such as predator/prey relations ...
... populations would increase indefinitely. In the real world this is not the case…. Every area has a carrying capacity or number of organisms of one species that an environment can support. 2. Carrying Capacity is determined by Carrying capacity limiting factors… things such as predator/prey relations ...
Lecture 9-lea
... • After studying this lecture material you should be able to • Describe where glycolysis occurs • Explain the importance of glycolysis • Describe all the reactions of glycolysis particularly the 3 irreversible reactions, the formation of ATP and the ...
... • After studying this lecture material you should be able to • Describe where glycolysis occurs • Explain the importance of glycolysis • Describe all the reactions of glycolysis particularly the 3 irreversible reactions, the formation of ATP and the ...
cell metabolism
... skeletal muscle when the demand for ATP rapidly increases at a time when oxygen is in low supply, such as in strenuous exercise. 5. The skeletal muscle cells are able to meet their increased requirement for ATP by increasing the rate of glycolysis and producing ATP, despite the fact that little or n ...
... skeletal muscle when the demand for ATP rapidly increases at a time when oxygen is in low supply, such as in strenuous exercise. 5. The skeletal muscle cells are able to meet their increased requirement for ATP by increasing the rate of glycolysis and producing ATP, despite the fact that little or n ...
BIO 322_Rec_4part1_Spring 2013
... • Fatty acyl-CoAs are high energy compounds – hydrolysis to free FA + acetyl CoA ∆G’º= -31kj/mol •Formation of FA-CoA is made favorable by the hydrolysis of two high energy bonds in ATP. Pyrophosphate hydrolized by inorganic phosphatase ...
... • Fatty acyl-CoAs are high energy compounds – hydrolysis to free FA + acetyl CoA ∆G’º= -31kj/mol •Formation of FA-CoA is made favorable by the hydrolysis of two high energy bonds in ATP. Pyrophosphate hydrolized by inorganic phosphatase ...
Oxygen and the Growth and Metabolism of
... 2 pg. ;thiamine. HCl, I mg. ; casein hydrolysate (Oxoid), 4 g. It was sterilized by autoclaving at 15 lb./in2. for 15 min., and K,HPO, plus KH,PO, were then added aseptically from sterile solutions each to final concentrations of 0.5 g./l. which brought the final pH value to 6.9. Growth. Cultures we ...
... 2 pg. ;thiamine. HCl, I mg. ; casein hydrolysate (Oxoid), 4 g. It was sterilized by autoclaving at 15 lb./in2. for 15 min., and K,HPO, plus KH,PO, were then added aseptically from sterile solutions each to final concentrations of 0.5 g./l. which brought the final pH value to 6.9. Growth. Cultures we ...
AP Biology Discussion Notes Thursday 121516
... Comparing Fermentation with Anaerobic and Aerobic Respiration • All use glycolysis (net ATP = 2) to oxidize glucose and harvest chemical energy of food • In all three, NAD+ is the oxidizing agent that accepts electrons during glycolysis • The processes have different final electron acceptors: an or ...
... Comparing Fermentation with Anaerobic and Aerobic Respiration • All use glycolysis (net ATP = 2) to oxidize glucose and harvest chemical energy of food • In all three, NAD+ is the oxidizing agent that accepts electrons during glycolysis • The processes have different final electron acceptors: an or ...
L3-RS_Aerobic & Anaerobic Metabolism in
... Lactic acid diffuses out of muscles blood taken by the liver Glucose (by gluconeogenesis) blood taken by the muscle again * It usually takes a little time for the respiratory and cardiovascular systems to catch up with the muscles and supply O2 for aerobic metabolism. ...
... Lactic acid diffuses out of muscles blood taken by the liver Glucose (by gluconeogenesis) blood taken by the muscle again * It usually takes a little time for the respiratory and cardiovascular systems to catch up with the muscles and supply O2 for aerobic metabolism. ...
Cellular Energy
... Autotrophs are organisms that make their own food. Heterotrophs are organisms that need to ingest food to obtain energy. ...
... Autotrophs are organisms that make their own food. Heterotrophs are organisms that need to ingest food to obtain energy. ...
1 Pyruvate and acetate metabolism (The citric acid cycle) I. Pyruvate
... A. Entrance into mitochondria If glucose metabolism were to stop with the formation of pyruvate, a total of 2 ATP and 2 NADH (containing 2 pairs of electrons removed from glucose) would be produced. This is indeed the end of the line for glucose metabolism in the cytoplasm, but another phase of proc ...
... A. Entrance into mitochondria If glucose metabolism were to stop with the formation of pyruvate, a total of 2 ATP and 2 NADH (containing 2 pairs of electrons removed from glucose) would be produced. This is indeed the end of the line for glucose metabolism in the cytoplasm, but another phase of proc ...
ALACTATE TRAINING: Does it Really Exist?
... • ATP stored in small amounts until needed • Breakdown of ATP to release energy – ATP + water + ATPase ADP + Pi + energy – ADP: lower‐energy compound, less useful ...
... • ATP stored in small amounts until needed • Breakdown of ATP to release energy – ATP + water + ATPase ADP + Pi + energy – ADP: lower‐energy compound, less useful ...
Chapter 6 How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy
... NADH and FADH2 molecules With the help of CoA, the acetyl (two-carbon) compound enters the citric acid cycle – At this point, the acetyl group associates with a fourcarbon molecule forming a six-carbon molecule – The six-carbon molecule then passes through a series of redox reactions that regenera ...
... NADH and FADH2 molecules With the help of CoA, the acetyl (two-carbon) compound enters the citric acid cycle – At this point, the acetyl group associates with a fourcarbon molecule forming a six-carbon molecule – The six-carbon molecule then passes through a series of redox reactions that regenera ...
ch 6 notes
... NADH and FADH2 molecules With the help of CoA, the acetyl (two-carbon) compound enters the citric acid cycle – At this point, the acetyl group associates with a fourcarbon molecule forming a six-carbon molecule – The six-carbon molecule then passes through a series of redox reactions that regenera ...
... NADH and FADH2 molecules With the help of CoA, the acetyl (two-carbon) compound enters the citric acid cycle – At this point, the acetyl group associates with a fourcarbon molecule forming a six-carbon molecule – The six-carbon molecule then passes through a series of redox reactions that regenera ...
Slide 1
... NADH and FADH2 molecules With the help of CoA, the acetyl (two-carbon) compound enters the citric acid cycle – At this point, the acetyl group associates with a fourcarbon molecule forming a six-carbon molecule – The six-carbon molecule then passes through a series of redox reactions that regenera ...
... NADH and FADH2 molecules With the help of CoA, the acetyl (two-carbon) compound enters the citric acid cycle – At this point, the acetyl group associates with a fourcarbon molecule forming a six-carbon molecule – The six-carbon molecule then passes through a series of redox reactions that regenera ...
Cellular Respiration: Supplying Energy to Metabolic Reactions
... Many of the most successful organisms in existence are anaerobic and thus only achieve 3% efficiency. Nonetheless it was only after the evolution of the Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport Chain that respiration could achieve a level of efficiency capable of sustaining larger, and more ...
... Many of the most successful organisms in existence are anaerobic and thus only achieve 3% efficiency. Nonetheless it was only after the evolution of the Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport Chain that respiration could achieve a level of efficiency capable of sustaining larger, and more ...
+ energy
... Activated carriers for reductive biosynthesis: NADPH •High-potential electrons are required in most biosyntheses because the precursors are more oxidized than the products •Electron donor in most reductive biosyntheses is NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) –2’-hydroxyl group of ade ...
... Activated carriers for reductive biosynthesis: NADPH •High-potential electrons are required in most biosyntheses because the precursors are more oxidized than the products •Electron donor in most reductive biosyntheses is NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) –2’-hydroxyl group of ade ...
Powdered versus liquid bacterial preparations
... redox reactions is stored and transformed. The energy generation (the catabolism) is usually a redox reaction. This energy is used for growth. If the same substance is partially oxidized and partially reduced it is called fermentation. A Chemotrophic organism is an autotrophic or heterotrophic organ ...
... redox reactions is stored and transformed. The energy generation (the catabolism) is usually a redox reaction. This energy is used for growth. If the same substance is partially oxidized and partially reduced it is called fermentation. A Chemotrophic organism is an autotrophic or heterotrophic organ ...
KEY Scientific Method in Action – The Discovery of Penicillin
... Scientific Method in Action – The Discovery of Penicillin Read the passage and answer the questions below. The bacteriologist, Sir Alexander Fleming was engaged in the study of Staphylococcus, a kind of bacteria that was being grown in Petri dishes. That’s when he noticed the penicillin mold that wa ...
... Scientific Method in Action – The Discovery of Penicillin Read the passage and answer the questions below. The bacteriologist, Sir Alexander Fleming was engaged in the study of Staphylococcus, a kind of bacteria that was being grown in Petri dishes. That’s when he noticed the penicillin mold that wa ...
Microbial metabolism
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe’s ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles.== Types of microbial metabolism ==All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesising cell mass: autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2) heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing: chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds phototrophic – energy is obtained from lightIn practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows: chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Knallgas-bacteria photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. Examples: Cyanobacteria (water (H2O) as reducing equivalent donor), Chlorobiaceae, Chromatiaceae (hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as reducing equivalent donor), Chloroflexus (hydrogen (H2) as reducing equivalent donor) chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2). Examples: some Thiobacilus, some Beggiatoa, some Nitrobacter spp., Wolinella (with H2 as reducing equivalent donor), some Knallgas-bacteria, some sulfate-reducing bacteria chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Examples: most bacteria, e. g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Actinobacteria photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodocyclus, Heliobacterium, Chloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)