Beta Oxidation of Fatty Acids
... the hydroxyl group at the beta position which forms a beta-ketoacyl-CoA derivative. This is the second oxidation step in this pathway and it is catalyzed by L-Hydroxyacyl-CoA Dehydrogenase. This enzyme needs to have NAD+ as a coenzyme and the NADH produced represents metabolic energy because for eve ...
... the hydroxyl group at the beta position which forms a beta-ketoacyl-CoA derivative. This is the second oxidation step in this pathway and it is catalyzed by L-Hydroxyacyl-CoA Dehydrogenase. This enzyme needs to have NAD+ as a coenzyme and the NADH produced represents metabolic energy because for eve ...
ES 120 TOXICS IN THE ENVIRONMENT
... BOTTOM LINE Pollutants are toxic because they interfere with normal biochemical and physiological processes. Molecular toxicity may translate into ...
... BOTTOM LINE Pollutants are toxic because they interfere with normal biochemical and physiological processes. Molecular toxicity may translate into ...
Cellular Respiration
... Stage 3: Oxidative phosphorylation – involves electrons carried by NADH and FADH2, – shuttles these electrons to the electron transport chain embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane, – involves chemiosmosis, and – generates ATP through oxidative phosphorylation associated with chemiosmosis. ...
... Stage 3: Oxidative phosphorylation – involves electrons carried by NADH and FADH2, – shuttles these electrons to the electron transport chain embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane, – involves chemiosmosis, and – generates ATP through oxidative phosphorylation associated with chemiosmosis. ...
1 - SMIC Nutrition Science
... brain and other tissues. Ketogenesis, which results in the synthesis of ketones, can spare the body from having to use amino acids to synthesize large amounts of glucose via gluconeogenesis. Ketogenesis, which occurs mostly in the liver, provides the body with an important source of energy during ti ...
... brain and other tissues. Ketogenesis, which results in the synthesis of ketones, can spare the body from having to use amino acids to synthesize large amounts of glucose via gluconeogenesis. Ketogenesis, which occurs mostly in the liver, provides the body with an important source of energy during ti ...
CH04_SU04
... • Microscopic organisms, such as bacteria and protozoa, are composed of single cells. • The human body contains several trillion cells of about two hundred distinct types. • Enzymes – catalysts that speed up the rate of chemical reactions in living systems • Metabolism - all the energy and matter ex ...
... • Microscopic organisms, such as bacteria and protozoa, are composed of single cells. • The human body contains several trillion cells of about two hundred distinct types. • Enzymes – catalysts that speed up the rate of chemical reactions in living systems • Metabolism - all the energy and matter ex ...
Fatigue and the Recovery Process
... muscles glycogen to glucose Overall the glycogen gets turned into Glucose These stores only last 2 hours so once these are used up the body becomes fatigued ...
... muscles glycogen to glucose Overall the glycogen gets turned into Glucose These stores only last 2 hours so once these are used up the body becomes fatigued ...
Problem Set 8 Key
... the PDH complex (+1 NADH) and TCA cycle (+3 NADH +1 FADH2 +1 ATP). Total ATP: 4 NADH x 2.5 + 2 FADH2 x 1.5 + 3.67 ATP -1 ATP = 15.67 ATP ...
... the PDH complex (+1 NADH) and TCA cycle (+3 NADH +1 FADH2 +1 ATP). Total ATP: 4 NADH x 2.5 + 2 FADH2 x 1.5 + 3.67 ATP -1 ATP = 15.67 ATP ...
Chapter 9. Cellular Respiration Other Metabolites
... levels of intermediates compounds in the pathways regulation of earlier steps in pathways levels of other biomolecules in body regulates rate of siphoning off to synthesis pathways ...
... levels of intermediates compounds in the pathways regulation of earlier steps in pathways levels of other biomolecules in body regulates rate of siphoning off to synthesis pathways ...
Studies on the Physiological Significance of the Lack
... presence of [14C]pyruvateresulted in 93 % of the total radioactivity recovered being associated with amino acids derived directly from pyruvate. In contrast, growth in the presence of [l*C]acetate or [14C]succinateresulted in more-or-less uniform labelling of all biogenic classes of amino acids. The ...
... presence of [14C]pyruvateresulted in 93 % of the total radioactivity recovered being associated with amino acids derived directly from pyruvate. In contrast, growth in the presence of [l*C]acetate or [14C]succinateresulted in more-or-less uniform labelling of all biogenic classes of amino acids. The ...
Answer Key 2 - UC Davis Plant Sciences
... Accumulation of mitochondrial ATP (or a concomitant decrease of ADP) will inhibit the ATP synthase, which in turn will result in a build-up of the proton gradient. Since the proton gradient (proton motive force) can be considered the “product” of the mitochondrial ETC, an increasing proton gradient ...
... Accumulation of mitochondrial ATP (or a concomitant decrease of ADP) will inhibit the ATP synthase, which in turn will result in a build-up of the proton gradient. Since the proton gradient (proton motive force) can be considered the “product” of the mitochondrial ETC, an increasing proton gradient ...
AULAS DE BIOQUÍMICA
... Standard reduction potentials: the carriers to function in order of increasing reduction potential, because electrons tend to flow spontaneously from carriers of lower E’o to carriers of higher E’o however, that the order of standard reduction potentials is not necessarily the same as the order of a ...
... Standard reduction potentials: the carriers to function in order of increasing reduction potential, because electrons tend to flow spontaneously from carriers of lower E’o to carriers of higher E’o however, that the order of standard reduction potentials is not necessarily the same as the order of a ...
No Slide Title - Kinver High School
... (energy within the bonds) Only useable source of potential energy Enough stored for 2 seconds of energy production Energy released by breaking one of the phosphate bonds by ATPase ATP ADP + P + Energy This is an exothermic reaction (energy released) ...
... (energy within the bonds) Only useable source of potential energy Enough stored for 2 seconds of energy production Energy released by breaking one of the phosphate bonds by ATPase ATP ADP + P + Energy This is an exothermic reaction (energy released) ...
Abiotic vs. Biotic Card Sort
... phenomena as well as the knowledge generated through this process 8. theory - a well-established and highly reliable explanation, but may be subject to change as new areas of science and technologies are developed ...
... phenomena as well as the knowledge generated through this process 8. theory - a well-established and highly reliable explanation, but may be subject to change as new areas of science and technologies are developed ...
Oxidative Phosphorylation
... • Paul Boyer finally put the puzzle together by proposing that there must be three sites with different binding affinities for the substrate (ADP + Pi) and product (ATP). • In fact, the three β-subunits interact in such a way that when one assumes the β-empty form, its neighbor to one side must assu ...
... • Paul Boyer finally put the puzzle together by proposing that there must be three sites with different binding affinities for the substrate (ADP + Pi) and product (ATP). • In fact, the three β-subunits interact in such a way that when one assumes the β-empty form, its neighbor to one side must assu ...
Enzyme
... 1. O2 and food are used 2. CO2 and H2O are produced 3. Energy in food may be temporarily store in ATP or lost as heat 4. ATP is produced by oxidation of food (oxidative phosphorylation) 5. Hydrogen is transferred from food to NAD or NADP to form NADH or NADPH 6. ATP and NADH or NADPH are available t ...
... 1. O2 and food are used 2. CO2 and H2O are produced 3. Energy in food may be temporarily store in ATP or lost as heat 4. ATP is produced by oxidation of food (oxidative phosphorylation) 5. Hydrogen is transferred from food to NAD or NADP to form NADH or NADPH 6. ATP and NADH or NADPH are available t ...
book ppt
... 1. Chemical transformations occur in a series of intermediate reactions that form a metabolic ...
... 1. Chemical transformations occur in a series of intermediate reactions that form a metabolic ...
Pathways that Harvest and Store Chemical Energy
... 1. Chemical transformations occur in a series of intermediate reactions that form a metabolic ...
... 1. Chemical transformations occur in a series of intermediate reactions that form a metabolic ...
Lecture Presentation to accompany Principles of Life
... 1. Chemical transformations occur in a series of intermediate reactions that form a metabolic ...
... 1. Chemical transformations occur in a series of intermediate reactions that form a metabolic ...
Hybridoma and Hybridomics
... is one of the key processes in the nitrogen cycle, as nitrite is reduced to gaseous products. During this process, nitrate is reduced stepwise via nitrite, NO and N2O to N2. The genes for denitrification are usually expressed at low levels of oxygen or anoxic conditions in the presence of an Noxide. ...
... is one of the key processes in the nitrogen cycle, as nitrite is reduced to gaseous products. During this process, nitrate is reduced stepwise via nitrite, NO and N2O to N2. The genes for denitrification are usually expressed at low levels of oxygen or anoxic conditions in the presence of an Noxide. ...
Chapter 6 Cellular Energy
... 1. Chemical transformations occur in a series of intermediate reactions that form a metabolic ...
... 1. Chemical transformations occur in a series of intermediate reactions that form a metabolic ...
GLOBAL WARMING - Agronomy Courses
... – Produced by anerobic fermentation of carbohydrates in the rumen, large intestine, or stored manure – Produced by Methanogenic archea • Methanogenic archea are associated with cellulolytic bacteria and protozoa – Methane producing mechanisms • Acetate or methanol > CH4 + CO2 • CO2 + 4H2 > CH4 + H2O ...
... – Produced by anerobic fermentation of carbohydrates in the rumen, large intestine, or stored manure – Produced by Methanogenic archea • Methanogenic archea are associated with cellulolytic bacteria and protozoa – Methane producing mechanisms • Acetate or methanol > CH4 + CO2 • CO2 + 4H2 > CH4 + H2O ...
A. Reaction Mechanisms and Catalysis (1) proximity effect (2) acid
... it binds its substrate -rearrangement of the protein pulls the hydrophobic part of the substrate out of the aqueous soln by surrounding it with nonpolar portions of the protein -advantages: (1) maximizes the favorable entropy change associated with removing a hydrophobic molecule from H2O (2) allows ...
... it binds its substrate -rearrangement of the protein pulls the hydrophobic part of the substrate out of the aqueous soln by surrounding it with nonpolar portions of the protein -advantages: (1) maximizes the favorable entropy change associated with removing a hydrophobic molecule from H2O (2) allows ...
Microbial metabolism
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe’s ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles.== Types of microbial metabolism ==All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesising cell mass: autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2) heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing: chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds phototrophic – energy is obtained from lightIn practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows: chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Knallgas-bacteria photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. Examples: Cyanobacteria (water (H2O) as reducing equivalent donor), Chlorobiaceae, Chromatiaceae (hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as reducing equivalent donor), Chloroflexus (hydrogen (H2) as reducing equivalent donor) chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2). Examples: some Thiobacilus, some Beggiatoa, some Nitrobacter spp., Wolinella (with H2 as reducing equivalent donor), some Knallgas-bacteria, some sulfate-reducing bacteria chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Examples: most bacteria, e. g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Actinobacteria photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodocyclus, Heliobacterium, Chloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)