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... anaerobic glycolysis) and therefore the rate of alcohol oxidation, which also uses NAD+. Recall that when insufficient oxygen is present skeletal muscle regenerates its NAD+ by reducing pyruvate to lactate. ...
... anaerobic glycolysis) and therefore the rate of alcohol oxidation, which also uses NAD+. Recall that when insufficient oxygen is present skeletal muscle regenerates its NAD+ by reducing pyruvate to lactate. ...
2007
... showed that the production of CO2 by the extract increased when succinate was added. In fact, for every mole of succinate added, many extra moles of CO2 were produced. Explain this effect in terms of the known catabolic pathways. ...
... showed that the production of CO2 by the extract increased when succinate was added. In fact, for every mole of succinate added, many extra moles of CO2 were produced. Explain this effect in terms of the known catabolic pathways. ...
some of Chapter 25
... the sum of all the chemical reactions taking place in (a cell) an organism ...
... the sum of all the chemical reactions taking place in (a cell) an organism ...
Prokaryotes Reading
... atmosphere. All organisms need nitrogen to produce the proteins, DNA, RNA, and ATP in their cells. Yet few organisms can use atmospheric nitrogen directly. Of all mineral elements, nitrogen is the one that most often limits the growth of plants. Several species of bacteria have enzymes that convert ...
... atmosphere. All organisms need nitrogen to produce the proteins, DNA, RNA, and ATP in their cells. Yet few organisms can use atmospheric nitrogen directly. Of all mineral elements, nitrogen is the one that most often limits the growth of plants. Several species of bacteria have enzymes that convert ...
Grade 9 Chemistry – Unit Plan - HSBIOLOGY-PHYSICS-2010
... Cycle, and the Electron Transport Chain Endosymbiosis hypothesis The Krebs Cycle (ADP in/ATP out, NAD in/NADH out, FAD in/FADH2 out, CO2 out Energy Inventory Pyruvate Oxidation Discussion of Redox reactions and review protein channels Electron Transport Chain Energy Inventory Chemiosmosis ...
... Cycle, and the Electron Transport Chain Endosymbiosis hypothesis The Krebs Cycle (ADP in/ATP out, NAD in/NADH out, FAD in/FADH2 out, CO2 out Energy Inventory Pyruvate Oxidation Discussion of Redox reactions and review protein channels Electron Transport Chain Energy Inventory Chemiosmosis ...
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... tubes. The acid produced changes the pH indicator, bromthymol blue, from green to yellow. e.g. Escherichia coli • Oxidative result: Acid production in the open tube (aerobic) and not the oil-covered tube (anaerobic) indicates an oxidative result. Nonfermenting bacteria that metabolize glucose via ox ...
... tubes. The acid produced changes the pH indicator, bromthymol blue, from green to yellow. e.g. Escherichia coli • Oxidative result: Acid production in the open tube (aerobic) and not the oil-covered tube (anaerobic) indicates an oxidative result. Nonfermenting bacteria that metabolize glucose via ox ...
The molecular machinery of Keilin`s respiratory chain
... classic paper of 1925 [2], achieved with simple but elegant techniques, described these findings and introduced the notion of distinct cytochromes a, b and c (although Keilin used the singular term cytochrome to define the entire system) that act together to form what was later called the respirator ...
... classic paper of 1925 [2], achieved with simple but elegant techniques, described these findings and introduced the notion of distinct cytochromes a, b and c (although Keilin used the singular term cytochrome to define the entire system) that act together to form what was later called the respirator ...
Electrochemistry Oxidation – Reduction and Oxidation Numbers
... Rules for assigning oxidation numbers: 1. Elements in their most abundant naturally occurring form are assigned an oxidation number of zero. e.g. Na, Fe, Cl2, O2 2. The sum of the oxidation numbers for a compound or formula unit is zero. 3. For a polyatomic ion, the oxidation numbers of the constit ...
... Rules for assigning oxidation numbers: 1. Elements in their most abundant naturally occurring form are assigned an oxidation number of zero. e.g. Na, Fe, Cl2, O2 2. The sum of the oxidation numbers for a compound or formula unit is zero. 3. For a polyatomic ion, the oxidation numbers of the constit ...
Precipitation and Redox Reactions
... - Losing electrons is oxidation, and the substance that loses the electrons is called the reducing agent. - Gaining electrons is reduction, and the substance that gains the electrons is called the oxidizing agent. ...
... - Losing electrons is oxidation, and the substance that loses the electrons is called the reducing agent. - Gaining electrons is reduction, and the substance that gains the electrons is called the oxidizing agent. ...
Key Area 8 Respiration
... Success Criteria: Be able to name the process of respiration in the absence of oxygen Be able to describe the process of respiration in the absence of oxygen . Be able to name the conditions that plants or yeast would be in to carry out this process. ...
... Success Criteria: Be able to name the process of respiration in the absence of oxygen Be able to describe the process of respiration in the absence of oxygen . Be able to name the conditions that plants or yeast would be in to carry out this process. ...
Photosynthesis Chloroplasts Light Reactions (photons → NADPH +
... At saturating light intensities, chloroplasts generate proton gradient of ~3.5 pH units, which arise from two sources 1. Evolution of O2 releases 4H+ (from stroma by way of NADPH synthesis) into thylakoid space 2. Transport of e-s through cyt b6f translocates 8H+ (from stroma to thylakoid space) ~12 ...
... At saturating light intensities, chloroplasts generate proton gradient of ~3.5 pH units, which arise from two sources 1. Evolution of O2 releases 4H+ (from stroma by way of NADPH synthesis) into thylakoid space 2. Transport of e-s through cyt b6f translocates 8H+ (from stroma to thylakoid space) ~12 ...
Industrial microbiology Second level
... Although carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are consumed as reactants, it is the preferred method of pyruvate breakdown in glycolysis and requires that pyruvate enter the mitochondria in order to be fully oxidized by the Krebs cycle. The products of this process are carbon dioxide and water, but the ...
... Although carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are consumed as reactants, it is the preferred method of pyruvate breakdown in glycolysis and requires that pyruvate enter the mitochondria in order to be fully oxidized by the Krebs cycle. The products of this process are carbon dioxide and water, but the ...
Carbohydrate
... series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions to yield two molecules of the three-carbon compound pyruvate . During the sequential reactions of glycolysis, some of the free energy released from glucose is conserved in the form of ATP and NADH. ...
... series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions to yield two molecules of the three-carbon compound pyruvate . During the sequential reactions of glycolysis, some of the free energy released from glucose is conserved in the form of ATP and NADH. ...
Viruses and prokaryotes in the deep-sea
... This process, called “viral shunt”, fuels prokaryotic heterotrophic production by releasing dissolved organic compounds and/or support autotrophic production by enhancing nutrient regeneration pathways, but it can also decrease the efficiency of the carbon transfer to higher trophic levels. The oce ...
... This process, called “viral shunt”, fuels prokaryotic heterotrophic production by releasing dissolved organic compounds and/or support autotrophic production by enhancing nutrient regeneration pathways, but it can also decrease the efficiency of the carbon transfer to higher trophic levels. The oce ...
Glycolysis - medscistudents
... which can be reused by glyceraldehyde 3-P Dh. So that glycolysis proceeds even in the absence of oxygen to supply ATP. Fate of pyruvate depends on the presence or absence oxygen in the cells. The occurrence of un-interrupted glycolysis is very important in skeletal muscle during strenuous exerci ...
... which can be reused by glyceraldehyde 3-P Dh. So that glycolysis proceeds even in the absence of oxygen to supply ATP. Fate of pyruvate depends on the presence or absence oxygen in the cells. The occurrence of un-interrupted glycolysis is very important in skeletal muscle during strenuous exerci ...
ESCC 7 The Anaerobic Glycolytic Energy System
... reactions and physiological processes that produce the compound ATP from substrate. This ATP is used to fuel muscular contractions. The system is classified as anaerobic because of the fact that oxygen is not involved in these reactions. It is called the glycolytic system in reference to the process ...
... reactions and physiological processes that produce the compound ATP from substrate. This ATP is used to fuel muscular contractions. The system is classified as anaerobic because of the fact that oxygen is not involved in these reactions. It is called the glycolytic system in reference to the process ...
Chap 7 PP
... As with the arcade machine, the starting point in this example is a single molecule of glucose, which again yields ATP in three major sets of steps: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain (ETC). These steps can yield a maximum of about 36 molecules of ATP: 2 in glycolysis, 2 i ...
... As with the arcade machine, the starting point in this example is a single molecule of glucose, which again yields ATP in three major sets of steps: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain (ETC). These steps can yield a maximum of about 36 molecules of ATP: 2 in glycolysis, 2 i ...
Bettleheim Chapter 20
... is carried into the Citric Acid Cycle Also called the: – Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle – TCA Cycle – Kreb’s Cycle ...
... is carried into the Citric Acid Cycle Also called the: – Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle – TCA Cycle – Kreb’s Cycle ...
SADDLEBACK COLLEGE BIOLOGY 20 EXAMINATION 2 STUDY
... • Know the two laws of thermodynamics (Which laws are known as the conservation of energy?) • What is metabolism? Catabolism? Anabolism? • ATP - how it works • What are enzymes and how they work? Chapter 5 • what is an active site - what types of molecules bind there • know the factors that influenc ...
... • Know the two laws of thermodynamics (Which laws are known as the conservation of energy?) • What is metabolism? Catabolism? Anabolism? • ATP - how it works • What are enzymes and how they work? Chapter 5 • what is an active site - what types of molecules bind there • know the factors that influenc ...
Microbial metabolism
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe’s ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles.== Types of microbial metabolism ==All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesising cell mass: autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2) heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing: chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds phototrophic – energy is obtained from lightIn practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows: chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Knallgas-bacteria photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. Examples: Cyanobacteria (water (H2O) as reducing equivalent donor), Chlorobiaceae, Chromatiaceae (hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as reducing equivalent donor), Chloroflexus (hydrogen (H2) as reducing equivalent donor) chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2). Examples: some Thiobacilus, some Beggiatoa, some Nitrobacter spp., Wolinella (with H2 as reducing equivalent donor), some Knallgas-bacteria, some sulfate-reducing bacteria chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Examples: most bacteria, e. g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Actinobacteria photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodocyclus, Heliobacterium, Chloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)