Model Description Sheet
... issues. Inspired by nature, artificial photosynthesis through water splitting by solar energy conversion is the most attractive approach for the development. The overall water splitting includes two half-catalytic reactions, i. e. hydrogen (HER) and oxygen (OER) evolution reactions. An efficient cat ...
... issues. Inspired by nature, artificial photosynthesis through water splitting by solar energy conversion is the most attractive approach for the development. The overall water splitting includes two half-catalytic reactions, i. e. hydrogen (HER) and oxygen (OER) evolution reactions. An efficient cat ...
The Nitrogen Cycle Slide Show
... Remember, Carbon = energy and bonds Well, nitrogen = building blocks We use nitrogen to build proteins We use it to build each piece of DNA It’s the #1 gas in the atmosphere – 78% ...
... Remember, Carbon = energy and bonds Well, nitrogen = building blocks We use nitrogen to build proteins We use it to build each piece of DNA It’s the #1 gas in the atmosphere – 78% ...
Lecture Fermentation
... Rumen epithelium not protected by mucous Acid causes inflammation and ulceration (rumenitis) Lactate promotes growth of Fusobacterium necrophorum ...
... Rumen epithelium not protected by mucous Acid causes inflammation and ulceration (rumenitis) Lactate promotes growth of Fusobacterium necrophorum ...
Test 2 - Lone Star College
... Hekimi proposes that his findings could bolster an alternative aging theory—specifically, the idea that a slower metabolism or lower temperatures decelerate the body and allow an organism to live longer. Several studies have challenged the rate of living theory of aging, but Hekimi thinks that “you ...
... Hekimi proposes that his findings could bolster an alternative aging theory—specifically, the idea that a slower metabolism or lower temperatures decelerate the body and allow an organism to live longer. Several studies have challenged the rate of living theory of aging, but Hekimi thinks that “you ...
Making The Most of Grass Silage
... natural fermentation process by adding selected lactic acid producing bacteria to the forage crop. These convert sugars in the forage to lactic acid and help reduce the pH quickly with the minimum loss of nutrients. Even in the best ensiling conditions, this will happen more slowly without an additi ...
... natural fermentation process by adding selected lactic acid producing bacteria to the forage crop. These convert sugars in the forage to lactic acid and help reduce the pH quickly with the minimum loss of nutrients. Even in the best ensiling conditions, this will happen more slowly without an additi ...
Oxidative degradation of glucose File
... then converted to Acetyl CoA. • 2. In the second pathway, Citric acid cycle, acetyl CoA is further oxidized to CO2 and H2O in mitochondria ...
... then converted to Acetyl CoA. • 2. In the second pathway, Citric acid cycle, acetyl CoA is further oxidized to CO2 and H2O in mitochondria ...
how cells obtain energy from food
... Returning to the paddle-wheel analogy that we used to introduce coupled reactions (see Figure 2-56), we can now equate enzymes with the paddle wheel. Enzymes act to harvest useful energy from the oxidation of organic molecules by coupling an energetically unfavorable reaction with a favorable one. T ...
... Returning to the paddle-wheel analogy that we used to introduce coupled reactions (see Figure 2-56), we can now equate enzymes with the paddle wheel. Enzymes act to harvest useful energy from the oxidation of organic molecules by coupling an energetically unfavorable reaction with a favorable one. T ...
ENERGY
... perform this process are called autotrophs. Other organisms must eat the autotrophs or something that ate an autotroph; they are heterotrophs Food molecules = “fuel” HOW?/WHY? Cells release energy from the chemical bonds in this fuel All organisms need energy (=a property of life) ...
... perform this process are called autotrophs. Other organisms must eat the autotrophs or something that ate an autotroph; they are heterotrophs Food molecules = “fuel” HOW?/WHY? Cells release energy from the chemical bonds in this fuel All organisms need energy (=a property of life) ...
The Development of Bioluminescent Biosensors for Air Environment
... Physical/chemical tests (gas-chromatography and massspectroscopy etc.) : will not reveal whether substance is harmful to living organism and require large complicated ...
... Physical/chemical tests (gas-chromatography and massspectroscopy etc.) : will not reveal whether substance is harmful to living organism and require large complicated ...
At the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, David Davies won the silver
... occurs, and explain why lactate (lactic acid) tends to be produced when a player is exercising. (3 marks) (b) Explain how lactate is removed from the blood by the body. (4 marks) ...
... occurs, and explain why lactate (lactic acid) tends to be produced when a player is exercising. (3 marks) (b) Explain how lactate is removed from the blood by the body. (4 marks) ...
biochemical model for enhanced biological phosphorus removal
... in the next section. Three major mechanisms are used by most bacteria to translocate protons and maintain a pmf (see Fig. 4). The first one is of major importance and makes use of the cytoplasmic membrane-bound electron transport chain to expel H + from the cell when carbon substrates and an electro ...
... in the next section. Three major mechanisms are used by most bacteria to translocate protons and maintain a pmf (see Fig. 4). The first one is of major importance and makes use of the cytoplasmic membrane-bound electron transport chain to expel H + from the cell when carbon substrates and an electro ...
Chapter 6 Notes
... from glucose to oxygen involves many steps. • The first step is an electron acceptor called NAD+. – NAD is made by cells from niacin, a B vitamin. – The transfer of electrons from organic fuel to NAD+ reduces it to NADH. ...
... from glucose to oxygen involves many steps. • The first step is an electron acceptor called NAD+. – NAD is made by cells from niacin, a B vitamin. – The transfer of electrons from organic fuel to NAD+ reduces it to NADH. ...
Slide 1
... – Pay-off phase!! (Get 28 ATPs) – Electrons carried by NADH and FADH2 are deposited into ETC to generate ATP by chemiosmosis. – Each NADH = 2.5 ATPs (x10 = 25 ATP) – Each FADH2 = 1.5 ATPs (x2 = 3 ATP) ...
... – Pay-off phase!! (Get 28 ATPs) – Electrons carried by NADH and FADH2 are deposited into ETC to generate ATP by chemiosmosis. – Each NADH = 2.5 ATPs (x10 = 25 ATP) – Each FADH2 = 1.5 ATPs (x2 = 3 ATP) ...
Introduction to Biology
... 2- Carbohydrates are used for storing energy in living organisms’ bodies until they require it. 3- Carbohydrates are a basic component for some parts of the cell such as cellulose in the root of plant cells. Classification of carbohydrates: Carbohydrates are classified according to their molecular ...
... 2- Carbohydrates are used for storing energy in living organisms’ bodies until they require it. 3- Carbohydrates are a basic component for some parts of the cell such as cellulose in the root of plant cells. Classification of carbohydrates: Carbohydrates are classified according to their molecular ...
Krebs Cycle Puzzle: Concept Map of Oxidation/Reduction Reactions:
... Pyruvate is converted Acetyl CoA by the removal of one CO2 group. 1. The two carbon Acetyl CoA is added to a 4 carbon compound producing a 6 carbon compound called citric acid (citrate). A separate reaction isomerizes the citrate to isocitrate. Acetyl Co-A ...
... Pyruvate is converted Acetyl CoA by the removal of one CO2 group. 1. The two carbon Acetyl CoA is added to a 4 carbon compound producing a 6 carbon compound called citric acid (citrate). A separate reaction isomerizes the citrate to isocitrate. Acetyl Co-A ...
No Slide Title
... found in energy levels outside the nucleus. They are likely to be found in certain levels, but may change levels when energy is absorbed or given off. The number of electrons can change in atoms. ( P=E) Go to ...
... found in energy levels outside the nucleus. They are likely to be found in certain levels, but may change levels when energy is absorbed or given off. The number of electrons can change in atoms. ( P=E) Go to ...
Chap11 - Northside Middle School
... than others and will exclude others if the community is left undisturbed • If a habitat is disturbed, organisms move in and are excluded in a predictable pattern known as ecological succession • The climax community (end result) will eventually form when the community is undisturbed for a long perio ...
... than others and will exclude others if the community is left undisturbed • If a habitat is disturbed, organisms move in and are excluded in a predictable pattern known as ecological succession • The climax community (end result) will eventually form when the community is undisturbed for a long perio ...
File - Serrano High School AP Biology
... Fermentation We know that early organisms looked like bacteria, but how did the first living cells make the energy they needed? In a primitive environment, with no ozone layer--no barrier against ultraviolet light organic molecules must have flourished. The first cells probably lived as heterotrophs ...
... Fermentation We know that early organisms looked like bacteria, but how did the first living cells make the energy they needed? In a primitive environment, with no ozone layer--no barrier against ultraviolet light organic molecules must have flourished. The first cells probably lived as heterotrophs ...
Free Response – due Friday, Oct 2 – typed – single
... properties of carbon atoms allow carbon to form many different types of molecules with many different functions. In your answer: • define covalent bond • explain how carbon-based rings and chains can form very large molecules • name the four main types of carbon-based molecules in organisms and disc ...
... properties of carbon atoms allow carbon to form many different types of molecules with many different functions. In your answer: • define covalent bond • explain how carbon-based rings and chains can form very large molecules • name the four main types of carbon-based molecules in organisms and disc ...
Biology 233
... occurs in mitochondrial matrix 2 (3C) pyruvic acid + 2 coenzyme A -----> 2 (2C) acetyl CoA net gain (per glucose) 2 CO2 2 NADH 3) Citric Acid Cycle (TCA cycle, Kreb’s cycle) 2 acetyl CoA enter cycle and are broken down occurs in mitochondrial matrix in one cycle: 1 (2C) acetyl CoA + (4C) molecule -- ...
... occurs in mitochondrial matrix 2 (3C) pyruvic acid + 2 coenzyme A -----> 2 (2C) acetyl CoA net gain (per glucose) 2 CO2 2 NADH 3) Citric Acid Cycle (TCA cycle, Kreb’s cycle) 2 acetyl CoA enter cycle and are broken down occurs in mitochondrial matrix in one cycle: 1 (2C) acetyl CoA + (4C) molecule -- ...
Student notes in ppt
... A value for Gº’ < 0 confirms that this coupled redox reaction is favorable, i.e., it is favorable to oxidize isocitrate and reduce NAD+. In order to calculate the actual reduction potentials for conjugate redox pairs, you need to use the Nernst equation and know the actual concentration of the oxid ...
... A value for Gº’ < 0 confirms that this coupled redox reaction is favorable, i.e., it is favorable to oxidize isocitrate and reduce NAD+. In order to calculate the actual reduction potentials for conjugate redox pairs, you need to use the Nernst equation and know the actual concentration of the oxid ...
Energy Conversion Pathways 1. Substrate level phosphorylation
... form of NADH between both sides of the innermitochondrial membrane. In contrast, the glycerol phosphate shuttle converts the reducing equivalents of NADH in the cytosol into FADH2 inside the matrix. Since the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase reaction in] glycolysis generates 2 NADH/glucose m ...
... form of NADH between both sides of the innermitochondrial membrane. In contrast, the glycerol phosphate shuttle converts the reducing equivalents of NADH in the cytosol into FADH2 inside the matrix. Since the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase reaction in] glycolysis generates 2 NADH/glucose m ...
Bioenergetics and Metabolism
... What are the key regulated enzymes in citrate cycle? Isocitrate dehydrogenase - catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate by transferring two electrons to NAD+ to form NADH, and in the process, releasing CO2, it is activated by ADP and Ca2+ and inhibited by NADH and ATP. α-ketoglutarate ...
... What are the key regulated enzymes in citrate cycle? Isocitrate dehydrogenase - catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate by transferring two electrons to NAD+ to form NADH, and in the process, releasing CO2, it is activated by ADP and Ca2+ and inhibited by NADH and ATP. α-ketoglutarate ...
Microbial metabolism
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe’s ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles.== Types of microbial metabolism ==All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesising cell mass: autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2) heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing: chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds phototrophic – energy is obtained from lightIn practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows: chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Knallgas-bacteria photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. Examples: Cyanobacteria (water (H2O) as reducing equivalent donor), Chlorobiaceae, Chromatiaceae (hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as reducing equivalent donor), Chloroflexus (hydrogen (H2) as reducing equivalent donor) chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2). Examples: some Thiobacilus, some Beggiatoa, some Nitrobacter spp., Wolinella (with H2 as reducing equivalent donor), some Knallgas-bacteria, some sulfate-reducing bacteria chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Examples: most bacteria, e. g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Actinobacteria photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodocyclus, Heliobacterium, Chloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)