determining evolutionary relationships using
... In this course you have learned that living organisms regardless of species are united by one common element…….we all have hereditary material in our cells which holds the instructions for making protein. The cells of all organisms recognize the language of DNA and thus are capable of producing prot ...
... In this course you have learned that living organisms regardless of species are united by one common element…….we all have hereditary material in our cells which holds the instructions for making protein. The cells of all organisms recognize the language of DNA and thus are capable of producing prot ...
Chapter 9 - Slothnet
... implicated in several human diseases and aging. Enzymes can “scavenge” the oxidizers and convert them to water. Antioxidant vitamins such as vitamin E act in a similar way. ...
... implicated in several human diseases and aging. Enzymes can “scavenge” the oxidizers and convert them to water. Antioxidant vitamins such as vitamin E act in a similar way. ...
Ecological principles Study Module 2
... The next step in the cycle is ammonification, which releases the biochemical nitrogen into ammonium (NH4+) ions. The next step involves bacteria which transform the ammonia into nitrate (NO3-) via the nitrification step. Depending upon the species of plant, either (or both) ammonium ions (NH4+) and ...
... The next step in the cycle is ammonification, which releases the biochemical nitrogen into ammonium (NH4+) ions. The next step involves bacteria which transform the ammonia into nitrate (NO3-) via the nitrification step. Depending upon the species of plant, either (or both) ammonium ions (NH4+) and ...
BIO 205 General Microbiology
... The list of objectives given below is not intended to be comprehensive, but rather to serve as foundation upon which to build. Lecture Upon completion of this course, the student should be able to: ...
... The list of objectives given below is not intended to be comprehensive, but rather to serve as foundation upon which to build. Lecture Upon completion of this course, the student should be able to: ...
- thevignanam
... this step. First the enzyme transfers a hydrogen (H-) from glyceraldehyde phosphate to the oxidizing agent nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) to form NADH. Next triose phosphate dehydrogenase adds a phosphate (P) from the cytosol to the oxidized glyceraldehyde phosphate to form 1, 3-bisphoshog ...
... this step. First the enzyme transfers a hydrogen (H-) from glyceraldehyde phosphate to the oxidizing agent nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) to form NADH. Next triose phosphate dehydrogenase adds a phosphate (P) from the cytosol to the oxidized glyceraldehyde phosphate to form 1, 3-bisphoshog ...
Lecture 27 - Redox and PDH
... By convention, the Eº' of a coupled redox reaction is determined by subtracting the Eº' of the oxidant (e- acceptor) from the Eº' of the reductant (e- donor) using the following equation: Eº' = (Eº'e- acceptor) - (Eº'e- donor) The Eº' for a coupled redox reaction is proportional to the change in ...
... By convention, the Eº' of a coupled redox reaction is determined by subtracting the Eº' of the oxidant (e- acceptor) from the Eº' of the reductant (e- donor) using the following equation: Eº' = (Eº'e- acceptor) - (Eº'e- donor) The Eº' for a coupled redox reaction is proportional to the change in ...
CELLULAR RESPIRATION Teacher`s Guide
... greatly increase the amount of membrane that can be packed within the mitochondrion. The similarity of a mitochondrion to a tiny cell suggests that the mitochondria, like the chloroplasts, may have evolved from independent beings that invaded larger cells as parasites. Over millions of years, they ...
... greatly increase the amount of membrane that can be packed within the mitochondrion. The similarity of a mitochondrion to a tiny cell suggests that the mitochondria, like the chloroplasts, may have evolved from independent beings that invaded larger cells as parasites. Over millions of years, they ...
III. 4. Test Respiració cel·lular
... 32) In the presence of oxygen, the three-carbon compound pyruvate can be catabolized in the citric acid cycle. First, however, the pyruvate 1) loses a carbon, which is given off as a molecule of CO2, 2) is oxidized to form a two-carbon compound called acetate, and 3) is bonded to coenzyme A. These t ...
... 32) In the presence of oxygen, the three-carbon compound pyruvate can be catabolized in the citric acid cycle. First, however, the pyruvate 1) loses a carbon, which is given off as a molecule of CO2, 2) is oxidized to form a two-carbon compound called acetate, and 3) is bonded to coenzyme A. These t ...
Photosynthesis and Sucrose Production
... sucrose is synthesized in the leaf cytosol from which it diffuses to the rest of the plant. Starch resembles glycogen, but it has few or no a-1:6 glycosidic linkages, the glucose residues are little branched (amylopectin) or not branched (amylose). Amylose and amylopectin are substrates for salivary ...
... sucrose is synthesized in the leaf cytosol from which it diffuses to the rest of the plant. Starch resembles glycogen, but it has few or no a-1:6 glycosidic linkages, the glucose residues are little branched (amylopectin) or not branched (amylose). Amylose and amylopectin are substrates for salivary ...
Document
... Pathway of conversion of (A) galactose to glucose in the liver and (B) glucose to lactose in the lactating mammary gland. ...
... Pathway of conversion of (A) galactose to glucose in the liver and (B) glucose to lactose in the lactating mammary gland. ...
Slide 1
... ATP sources in working muscle cont. • After the phosphagen system is depleted, the process of anaerobic glycolysis can maintain ATP supply for about 45-60s. Glycogen stored in muscles Glucose 2 pyruvic acid + 2 ATPs 2 Pyruvic acid 2 lactic acid Lactic acid diffuses out of muscles blood liv ...
... ATP sources in working muscle cont. • After the phosphagen system is depleted, the process of anaerobic glycolysis can maintain ATP supply for about 45-60s. Glycogen stored in muscles Glucose 2 pyruvic acid + 2 ATPs 2 Pyruvic acid 2 lactic acid Lactic acid diffuses out of muscles blood liv ...
C483 Summer 2015 Exam 2 Name 1. 20 pts Fill in the blanks (2
... F. ______________ Ribose may be considered to be an aldopentose. G. ______________ Lactose is not digestible by many human adults because they lack the necessary enzyme. H. ______________ A reaction with a negative biological standard free energy is spontaneous under all cellular conditions. I. ____ ...
... F. ______________ Ribose may be considered to be an aldopentose. G. ______________ Lactose is not digestible by many human adults because they lack the necessary enzyme. H. ______________ A reaction with a negative biological standard free energy is spontaneous under all cellular conditions. I. ____ ...
Document
... 1. alfa-ketoglutarate and oxaloacetate : serve as precursor of amino acids, aspartate and glutamate by simple transamination and required for synthesis of non-essential amino acids ,purines and pyrimidines. 2. succinyl CoA : used for synthesis of heme. ...
... 1. alfa-ketoglutarate and oxaloacetate : serve as precursor of amino acids, aspartate and glutamate by simple transamination and required for synthesis of non-essential amino acids ,purines and pyrimidines. 2. succinyl CoA : used for synthesis of heme. ...
The Nitrogen Cycle
... What can bean plants do that most other plants can't? No, they don't grow giant stalks to the clouds. Bean plants and other legumes (plants that have their seeds in pods) can use the nitrogen in the air to grow. It takes the help of special bacteria friends in the soil, and this relationship is uniq ...
... What can bean plants do that most other plants can't? No, they don't grow giant stalks to the clouds. Bean plants and other legumes (plants that have their seeds in pods) can use the nitrogen in the air to grow. It takes the help of special bacteria friends in the soil, and this relationship is uniq ...
Bio302 Biochemistry II
... b) This substance is toxic, because it reacts qith the neighboring sulfhydry groups of dihydrolipoyl groups and blocks its reoxidation to lipoamide:………………….. c) This is the name applied to metabolic reactions that replenish citric acid cycle intermediates that are depleted because they were used for ...
... b) This substance is toxic, because it reacts qith the neighboring sulfhydry groups of dihydrolipoyl groups and blocks its reoxidation to lipoamide:………………….. c) This is the name applied to metabolic reactions that replenish citric acid cycle intermediates that are depleted because they were used for ...
Derived copy of Bis2A 07.1 Glycolysis
... For these organisms, for every 1 molecule of glucose oxidized, cells generate only 2 ATP molecules. In other words, these organisms only utilize or extract a small amount of the total potential energy within the glucose molecule. However, for many other organisms, including us humans, the end produc ...
... For these organisms, for every 1 molecule of glucose oxidized, cells generate only 2 ATP molecules. In other words, these organisms only utilize or extract a small amount of the total potential energy within the glucose molecule. However, for many other organisms, including us humans, the end produc ...
BIOL4_Revision checklist - gale-force-glyn
... What is meant by the concept of limiting factors? How can photosynthesis be measured? How do temperature, carbon dioxide concentration and light intensity affect the rate of photosynthesis? ...
... What is meant by the concept of limiting factors? How can photosynthesis be measured? How do temperature, carbon dioxide concentration and light intensity affect the rate of photosynthesis? ...
2011-teacher_20110323_1416x
... – As rocks wear down, phosphate is released – It is released into streams and rivers and eventually makes its way to the ocean and is used by marine organisms – On land it is absorbed by plants and passes up through the food chain ...
... – As rocks wear down, phosphate is released – It is released into streams and rivers and eventually makes its way to the ocean and is used by marine organisms – On land it is absorbed by plants and passes up through the food chain ...
Unit 6 - Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
... Communicate and apply the results of scientific investigations. ...
... Communicate and apply the results of scientific investigations. ...
Microbial metabolism
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe’s ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles.== Types of microbial metabolism ==All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesising cell mass: autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2) heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing: chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds phototrophic – energy is obtained from lightIn practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows: chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Knallgas-bacteria photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. Examples: Cyanobacteria (water (H2O) as reducing equivalent donor), Chlorobiaceae, Chromatiaceae (hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as reducing equivalent donor), Chloroflexus (hydrogen (H2) as reducing equivalent donor) chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2). Examples: some Thiobacilus, some Beggiatoa, some Nitrobacter spp., Wolinella (with H2 as reducing equivalent donor), some Knallgas-bacteria, some sulfate-reducing bacteria chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Examples: most bacteria, e. g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Actinobacteria photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodocyclus, Heliobacterium, Chloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)