Hopanoids Play a Role in Membrane Integrity and pH
... gene encoding the squalene-hopene cyclase protein (Shc), which cyclizes squalene to the basic hopene structure, resulted in a strain that no longer produced any polycyclic triterpenoids. This strain was able to grow chemoheterotrophically, photoheterotrophically, and photoautotrophically, demonstrat ...
... gene encoding the squalene-hopene cyclase protein (Shc), which cyclizes squalene to the basic hopene structure, resulted in a strain that no longer produced any polycyclic triterpenoids. This strain was able to grow chemoheterotrophically, photoheterotrophically, and photoautotrophically, demonstrat ...
The ventral and posterior expression of the zebrafish homeobox
... respectively. All these features reinforce the concept of unitary mechanisms in the early embryology of vertebrates and suggest that zebrafish can be used as a model for the studies concerning vertebrate gastrulation. However, it remains clear that most of our knowledge about vertebrate developmenta ...
... respectively. All these features reinforce the concept of unitary mechanisms in the early embryology of vertebrates and suggest that zebrafish can be used as a model for the studies concerning vertebrate gastrulation. However, it remains clear that most of our knowledge about vertebrate developmenta ...
Reconciling an archaeal origin of eukaryotes with engulfment: a
... Fig. 1. Panels A and B. Possible phylogenetic relationships between eukaryotes and archaea. A. Eukaryotes and Archaea are each monophyletic. B. Eukaryotes as a derived group emerging within the Archaea. The specific topology shown is the Eocyte tree. Note that, under the Eocyte hypothesis, Eukaryot ...
... Fig. 1. Panels A and B. Possible phylogenetic relationships between eukaryotes and archaea. A. Eukaryotes and Archaea are each monophyletic. B. Eukaryotes as a derived group emerging within the Archaea. The specific topology shown is the Eocyte tree. Note that, under the Eocyte hypothesis, Eukaryot ...
Cell fate specification and maintenance in the female gametophyte
... cellularization generates four cell types with seven cells during female gametophyte development (Kagi and Gross-Hardt, 2007). These seven cells are: two accessory cells called synergids, which are required for pollen tube attraction; one egg cell, which fuses with one of the two sperm cells giving ...
... cellularization generates four cell types with seven cells during female gametophyte development (Kagi and Gross-Hardt, 2007). These seven cells are: two accessory cells called synergids, which are required for pollen tube attraction; one egg cell, which fuses with one of the two sperm cells giving ...
copyrighted material - Edinburgh Cell Wall Group
... The monosaccharides are shown as hemiacetal or hemiketal rings. However, within a polysaccharide, each sugar (except one, the reducing terminus) is present as an acetal or ketal residue, the term ‘residue’ implying that it is ‘what remains’ after losing the –OH group (shown in blue) from the anomeri ...
... The monosaccharides are shown as hemiacetal or hemiketal rings. However, within a polysaccharide, each sugar (except one, the reducing terminus) is present as an acetal or ketal residue, the term ‘residue’ implying that it is ‘what remains’ after losing the –OH group (shown in blue) from the anomeri ...
Pass the bicarb: the importance of HCO3 – for mucin release
... Accumulation of thick, sticky mucus is a hallmark of the genetic disease cystic fibrosis (CF) and has a central role in CF pathophysiology. Mutations in the CF transmembrane regulator (CFTR) ion channel are known to result in abnormally thick and sticky mucus; however, why mucus accumulates in CF is ...
... Accumulation of thick, sticky mucus is a hallmark of the genetic disease cystic fibrosis (CF) and has a central role in CF pathophysiology. Mutations in the CF transmembrane regulator (CFTR) ion channel are known to result in abnormally thick and sticky mucus; however, why mucus accumulates in CF is ...
Transcription Factor Positive Regulatory Domain 4 (PRDM4) recruits Protein Arginine
... program is not known. The transitions in NSC fate are likely to be governed by cell lineagespecific transcription factors acting in concert with epigenetic mechanisms (9-14). The latter include post-translational modifications of histones associated with regulatory elements of genes as well as DNA m ...
... program is not known. The transitions in NSC fate are likely to be governed by cell lineagespecific transcription factors acting in concert with epigenetic mechanisms (9-14). The latter include post-translational modifications of histones associated with regulatory elements of genes as well as DNA m ...
Allogeneic T regulatory cell–mediated
... investigate their suppressive function and mechanisms of action in vivo. We previously demonstrated that the adoptive transfer of either syngeneic or allogeneic Treg cells into neonatal IL-2R⫺/⫺ mice fully prevented their lethal autoimmunity such that they now lived a normal life span with a normal ...
... investigate their suppressive function and mechanisms of action in vivo. We previously demonstrated that the adoptive transfer of either syngeneic or allogeneic Treg cells into neonatal IL-2R⫺/⫺ mice fully prevented their lethal autoimmunity such that they now lived a normal life span with a normal ...
Phosphorylation-Dependent Regulation of Septin
... that the cdc12-6 septin allele leads to septin ring disassembly upon shift to the restrictive temperature (Barral et al., 2000). We rationalized that changes in the rate of disassembly at specific cell cycle stages would reflect changes in septin dissociation/association rates. GFPCDC3 cdc12-6 cells ...
... that the cdc12-6 septin allele leads to septin ring disassembly upon shift to the restrictive temperature (Barral et al., 2000). We rationalized that changes in the rate of disassembly at specific cell cycle stages would reflect changes in septin dissociation/association rates. GFPCDC3 cdc12-6 cells ...
Antibody Selection for Immobilizing Living Bacteria
... immobilization methods are critical to the success of bacterial cell microarrays. Such immobilization methods will also have wide applications in biomedical fields and the food industry as a means to detect and isolate pathogenic bacteria. For example, contamination by Salmonella spp. is a major con ...
... immobilization methods are critical to the success of bacterial cell microarrays. Such immobilization methods will also have wide applications in biomedical fields and the food industry as a means to detect and isolate pathogenic bacteria. For example, contamination by Salmonella spp. is a major con ...
Dynamics of the Cell Cycle: Checkpoints, Sizers, and Timers
... et al., 2001, 2002; Tyson and Novak, 2001). At present, there is no decisive experimental evidence to determine which types of bifurcation are responsible for the real cell cycle checkpoint. However, our model also demonstrates features that have not been clearly seen in prior models, including the ...
... et al., 2001, 2002; Tyson and Novak, 2001). At present, there is no decisive experimental evidence to determine which types of bifurcation are responsible for the real cell cycle checkpoint. However, our model also demonstrates features that have not been clearly seen in prior models, including the ...
Shh signalling and cell death in limb development
... The posterior necrotic zone, an area of massive cell death present during chick wing development, seems to co-localize with the polarising region, and in other systems cell death has been shown to control cell number. Therefore, we examined cell death after the above manipulations, which we had foun ...
... The posterior necrotic zone, an area of massive cell death present during chick wing development, seems to co-localize with the polarising region, and in other systems cell death has been shown to control cell number. Therefore, we examined cell death after the above manipulations, which we had foun ...
Identification and Characterization of Genes Required for Cell
... City, MO). The his-3 A mutant (FGSC catalog no. 6103) and a his-3 a strain, which we obtained by mating the his-3 A mutant with the wild-type strain (FGSC catalog no. 4200), were used as females in matings with the deletion mutants. Progeny with the deletion mutations and the his-3 mutation were iso ...
... City, MO). The his-3 A mutant (FGSC catalog no. 6103) and a his-3 a strain, which we obtained by mating the his-3 A mutant with the wild-type strain (FGSC catalog no. 4200), were used as females in matings with the deletion mutants. Progeny with the deletion mutations and the his-3 mutation were iso ...
Job Sharing in the Endomembrane System: Vacuolar
... nutrients by increasing the surface of their photosynthesizing and nutrient-absorbing organs at minimal cost. Besides being lowcost space fillers, vacuoles are the main store for solutes and serve as a hydrostatic skeleton that provides the driving force for cell growth and reversible volume changes. ...
... nutrients by increasing the surface of their photosynthesizing and nutrient-absorbing organs at minimal cost. Besides being lowcost space fillers, vacuoles are the main store for solutes and serve as a hydrostatic skeleton that provides the driving force for cell growth and reversible volume changes. ...
Regulatory roles of cyclin dependent kinase phosphorylation in cell
... Although the potential for positive feedback in Cdc2 activation has been clearly established, the relevance of positive feedback as a physiological mechanism is much harder to prove. In this context, it is worth noting that a potential positive feedback loop at the G1--->S transition was recently fo ...
... Although the potential for positive feedback in Cdc2 activation has been clearly established, the relevance of positive feedback as a physiological mechanism is much harder to prove. In this context, it is worth noting that a potential positive feedback loop at the G1--->S transition was recently fo ...
Electrospun aniline-tetramer-co-polycaprolactone fibers for
... Fibrous scaffolds prepared by electrospinning have proven particularly versatile for the design of biografts due to their close architectural resemblance to the fibrous ECM, and they have therefore been widely applied in tissue engineering. However, this method cannot typically be applied to fully co ...
... Fibrous scaffolds prepared by electrospinning have proven particularly versatile for the design of biografts due to their close architectural resemblance to the fibrous ECM, and they have therefore been widely applied in tissue engineering. However, this method cannot typically be applied to fully co ...
Chapter 21 The Lymphatic System
... – Dorsolateral to the stomach – Fits between the diaphragm, stomach, and kidney; – The spleen has gastric area, renal area, and colic area Fig. 21.14a, b, x ...
... – Dorsolateral to the stomach – Fits between the diaphragm, stomach, and kidney; – The spleen has gastric area, renal area, and colic area Fig. 21.14a, b, x ...
********* 1 - Botanik in Bonn
... Subcellular defects linked to Myosin XI function A. Fluorescent markers expressed in myosin XI knock-out mutants B. Tail overexpression in cells expressing various organelle markers ...
... Subcellular defects linked to Myosin XI function A. Fluorescent markers expressed in myosin XI knock-out mutants B. Tail overexpression in cells expressing various organelle markers ...
Morphogenesis of complex plant cell shapes: the mechanical role of
... The net orientation of cellulose microfibrils is not transverse The orientation of microfibrils in plant cell walls is often investigated using field emission SEM; however, the drawback of this approach is that only the innermost or outermost (depending on the angle of view) microfibrils of the cell ...
... The net orientation of cellulose microfibrils is not transverse The orientation of microfibrils in plant cell walls is often investigated using field emission SEM; however, the drawback of this approach is that only the innermost or outermost (depending on the angle of view) microfibrils of the cell ...
Passive transfer of anti-herpes simplex virus type 2
... The mouse corneal fibroblasts or epithelial cells were prepared for FACS analysis according to the protocol used by Jennings et al.29 The cells were washed twice with FACS buffer (phosphate buffered saline with 2% fetal bovine serum and 0.1% sodium azide) and underwent centrifugation. The resulting ...
... The mouse corneal fibroblasts or epithelial cells were prepared for FACS analysis according to the protocol used by Jennings et al.29 The cells were washed twice with FACS buffer (phosphate buffered saline with 2% fetal bovine serum and 0.1% sodium azide) and underwent centrifugation. The resulting ...
Negative feedback control of the autoimmune
... with untreated mice; the number of splenocytes decreased with subsequent i.n. peptide treatments (Fig. S1 A). The number of CD4+ T cells in the peptide-treated Tg4 Rag1/ spleens increased with a similar pattern to that of whole splenocytes during the course of tolerance induction (Fig. S1 B). Give ...
... with untreated mice; the number of splenocytes decreased with subsequent i.n. peptide treatments (Fig. S1 A). The number of CD4+ T cells in the peptide-treated Tg4 Rag1/ spleens increased with a similar pattern to that of whole splenocytes during the course of tolerance induction (Fig. S1 B). Give ...
Steel Factor Induces Serine Phosphorylation of
... in RPMI 1640 supplemented with 20% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 100 U/mL GM-CSF. These cell lines have been described elseBefore cytokine stimulation. these cells were washed twice, resuspended in RPMI 1640 supplemented with 0.5% bovine serum albumin (BSA), and then incubated for 18 hours without gr ...
... in RPMI 1640 supplemented with 20% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 100 U/mL GM-CSF. These cell lines have been described elseBefore cytokine stimulation. these cells were washed twice, resuspended in RPMI 1640 supplemented with 0.5% bovine serum albumin (BSA), and then incubated for 18 hours without gr ...
univERsity oF copEnhAGEn
... Genetically encoded fluorescent biosensors are increasingly used as the preferred method to visualize and analyse ion fluxes, signaling components, and metabolites, covering an expanding palette of cellular processes. While fluorescent proteins as such are mainly used for localization and expression ...
... Genetically encoded fluorescent biosensors are increasingly used as the preferred method to visualize and analyse ion fluxes, signaling components, and metabolites, covering an expanding palette of cellular processes. While fluorescent proteins as such are mainly used for localization and expression ...
The role of AMPK and CREB-1 in the regulation of mitochondrial
... chain complexes. We chose the AMP activated kinase (AMPK) and cyclic AMP-response element binding protein 1 (CREB-1) as promising candidates, which could control the process of mitochondrial proliferation. To analyze whether AMPK regulates the cytochrome c promoter, a cell line stably expressing a c ...
... chain complexes. We chose the AMP activated kinase (AMPK) and cyclic AMP-response element binding protein 1 (CREB-1) as promising candidates, which could control the process of mitochondrial proliferation. To analyze whether AMPK regulates the cytochrome c promoter, a cell line stably expressing a c ...
Actin Dynamics in Papilla Cells of Brassica rapa
... The self-incompatibility system of the plant species Brassica is controlled by the S-locus, which contains S-RECEPTOR KINASE (SRK) and S-LOCUS PROTEIN11 (SP11). SP11 binding to SRK induces SRK autophosphorylation and initiates a signaling cascade leading to the rejection of self pollen. However, the ...
... The self-incompatibility system of the plant species Brassica is controlled by the S-locus, which contains S-RECEPTOR KINASE (SRK) and S-LOCUS PROTEIN11 (SP11). SP11 binding to SRK induces SRK autophosphorylation and initiates a signaling cascade leading to the rejection of self pollen. However, the ...
Cell culture
Cell culture is the process by which cells are grown under controlled conditions, generally outside of their natural environment. In practice, the term ""cell culture"" now refers to the culturing of cells derived from multicellular eukaryotes, especially animal cells, in contrast with other types of culture that also grow cells, such as plant tissue culture, fungal culture, and microbiological culture (of microbes). The historical development and methods of cell culture are closely interrelated to those of tissue culture and organ culture. Viral culture is also related, with cells as hosts for the viruses. The laboratory technique of maintaining live cell lines (a population of cells descended from a single cell and containing the same genetic makeup) separated from their original tissue source became more robust in the middle 20th century.