Clustering Techniques
... DNA strands corresponding to specific genes, are arrayed on a small glass, silicon or nylon slide (1x1 to 2x2 cm). Each contains many copies of single stranded DNA probe. ...
... DNA strands corresponding to specific genes, are arrayed on a small glass, silicon or nylon slide (1x1 to 2x2 cm). Each contains many copies of single stranded DNA probe. ...
DB QS
... the release of free fatty acids from adipose tissue (lipolysis), which are converted through a process called beta oxidation, again in the liver, into ketone bodies (acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate). βHydroxybutyrate can serve as an energy source in the absence of insulin-mediated glucose deliver ...
... the release of free fatty acids from adipose tissue (lipolysis), which are converted through a process called beta oxidation, again in the liver, into ketone bodies (acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate). βHydroxybutyrate can serve as an energy source in the absence of insulin-mediated glucose deliver ...
Regulation of carbohydrate metabolism
... She is not producing as much H2O in the electron transport chain, leading to dehydration, which has resulted in fatigue. Iron forms a chelate with NADH and FAD(2H) that is necessary for them to donate their electrons to the electron transport chain. Iron acts as a cofactor for α-ketoglutarate DH in ...
... She is not producing as much H2O in the electron transport chain, leading to dehydration, which has resulted in fatigue. Iron forms a chelate with NADH and FAD(2H) that is necessary for them to donate their electrons to the electron transport chain. Iron acts as a cofactor for α-ketoglutarate DH in ...
Lect 8 hormones 4
... ↑Glucose release into blood due to glycogen breakdown & gluconeogenesis ↑Ketones released ...
... ↑Glucose release into blood due to glycogen breakdown & gluconeogenesis ↑Ketones released ...
Figure S2 - Development
... might be able to bind bcd sites in the Drosophila embryo (indeed, we were able to show that Boz binds Bcd-binding sites, see Fig. 5A). Under the control of the nanos promoter, we expressed an mRNA encoding the full-length boz ORF, and containing 3 bcd mRNA localization signals, during Drosophila oo ...
... might be able to bind bcd sites in the Drosophila embryo (indeed, we were able to show that Boz binds Bcd-binding sites, see Fig. 5A). Under the control of the nanos promoter, we expressed an mRNA encoding the full-length boz ORF, and containing 3 bcd mRNA localization signals, during Drosophila oo ...
lecture2
... glucose when it is lowered while muscle glycogen acts as a readily available source of hexose units for glycolysis within the muscle itself. ...
... glucose when it is lowered while muscle glycogen acts as a readily available source of hexose units for glycolysis within the muscle itself. ...
Molecular Biology of the Cell
... lactate does not directly cause acidosis, nor is it responsible for delayed onset muscle soreness. This is because lactate itself is not capable of releasing a proton. The acidosis that is associated with increases in lactate concentration during heavy exercise arises from a separate reaction. When ...
... lactate does not directly cause acidosis, nor is it responsible for delayed onset muscle soreness. This is because lactate itself is not capable of releasing a proton. The acidosis that is associated with increases in lactate concentration during heavy exercise arises from a separate reaction. When ...
Biochemistry Metabolic pathways - Limes-Institut-Bonn
... What molecular mechanisms are used to regulate enzyme activity? Factors that influence enzymatic activity General features of allosteric regulation The kind of covalent modification that regulates the activity of enzymes Is the activity of some enzymes controlled by both allosteric regulation and c ...
... What molecular mechanisms are used to regulate enzyme activity? Factors that influence enzymatic activity General features of allosteric regulation The kind of covalent modification that regulates the activity of enzymes Is the activity of some enzymes controlled by both allosteric regulation and c ...
Lac
... milk of many species. The function of ß-LG is unknown; it may be a fatty acid or lipid binding protein. It does have sequence similarities with retinol-binding proteins, but this may not be its function. Generally it is found in milk of species which transport high levels of immunoglobulins during c ...
... milk of many species. The function of ß-LG is unknown; it may be a fatty acid or lipid binding protein. It does have sequence similarities with retinol-binding proteins, but this may not be its function. Generally it is found in milk of species which transport high levels of immunoglobulins during c ...
Hypoxia Oxidative phosphorylation contribution to ATP production
... How is oxygen sensed by cells? Hypoxia-induced gene expression via HIF. HIF1 is constitutively expressed. A heme-based receptor detects O2 levels and leads to an oxygen-dependent modification of HIF1. This modification allows HIF1 to be ubiquinated, which targets it for destruction. When HIF1 is no ...
... How is oxygen sensed by cells? Hypoxia-induced gene expression via HIF. HIF1 is constitutively expressed. A heme-based receptor detects O2 levels and leads to an oxygen-dependent modification of HIF1. This modification allows HIF1 to be ubiquinated, which targets it for destruction. When HIF1 is no ...
Document
... correct response) energy status since energy is needed to sequester (pump) calcium into vesicles such as the ER. 10. Blood glucose levels can be increased when glycogen in the liver (name organ or tissue) is broken down, but not when glycogen in the muscle (name organ or tissue) is broken down. This ...
... correct response) energy status since energy is needed to sequester (pump) calcium into vesicles such as the ER. 10. Blood glucose levels can be increased when glycogen in the liver (name organ or tissue) is broken down, but not when glycogen in the muscle (name organ or tissue) is broken down. This ...
Fructose 6-Phosphate
... Reaction is catalyzed by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (three enzymes and five coenzymes). If pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA, NADH formed in the oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate ultimately transfers its electrons to O2 through the electron-transport chain in mitochondria. ...
... Reaction is catalyzed by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (three enzymes and five coenzymes). If pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA, NADH formed in the oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate ultimately transfers its electrons to O2 through the electron-transport chain in mitochondria. ...
GLYCOLYSIS
... • Glucose 6-phosphate in equilib with Fructose 6 –phosphate (F-6P) • Phosphofructokinase inhibition will cause F-6P to rise which also incr G-6P • However other sugars (such as fructose) bypass this step so it should not be only control • The inhibition of F-6P leads to inhibition in G-6P ...
... • Glucose 6-phosphate in equilib with Fructose 6 –phosphate (F-6P) • Phosphofructokinase inhibition will cause F-6P to rise which also incr G-6P • However other sugars (such as fructose) bypass this step so it should not be only control • The inhibition of F-6P leads to inhibition in G-6P ...
Sources of enzyme
... Microbial enzymes are produced by methods which can be scaled up easily Recombinant DNA technology now provides the means to produce many different enzymes, including those not normally synthesized by microorganisms or permanent cell lines, in bacteria, yeast and cultured cells. ...
... Microbial enzymes are produced by methods which can be scaled up easily Recombinant DNA technology now provides the means to produce many different enzymes, including those not normally synthesized by microorganisms or permanent cell lines, in bacteria, yeast and cultured cells. ...
Sources of blood glucose
... • Stimulus for secretion is high blood glucose • Secreted by β cells • Leads to glucose uptake and storage in liver, muscle and fat tissue. • Effect is to ↓ blood glucose ...
... • Stimulus for secretion is high blood glucose • Secreted by β cells • Leads to glucose uptake and storage in liver, muscle and fat tissue. • Effect is to ↓ blood glucose ...
Metabolism of cardiac muscles
... The glucose-fatty acid (Randle) cycle • The Randle cycle describes the reciprocal relationship between fatty acid and glucose metabolism. • The increased generation of acetyl CoA derived from fatty acid-oxidation decreases glucose (pyruvate) oxidation. • The increased generation of acetyl CoA deriv ...
... The glucose-fatty acid (Randle) cycle • The Randle cycle describes the reciprocal relationship between fatty acid and glucose metabolism. • The increased generation of acetyl CoA derived from fatty acid-oxidation decreases glucose (pyruvate) oxidation. • The increased generation of acetyl CoA deriv ...
Ass3_ans - The University of Sydney
... encapsulate the overall point and function of the pathway. The overall equation is actually made up of lots of ‘partial’ equations that are added together. OK, so that was just an example. The overall balanced equation for the synthesis of fatty acids from glucose (lipogenesis) can be written (for t ...
... encapsulate the overall point and function of the pathway. The overall equation is actually made up of lots of ‘partial’ equations that are added together. OK, so that was just an example. The overall balanced equation for the synthesis of fatty acids from glucose (lipogenesis) can be written (for t ...
Ass3 - The University of Sydney
... encapsulate the overall point and function of the pathway. The overall equation is actually made up of lots of ‘partial’ equations that are added together. OK, So that was just an example. The overall balanced equation for the synthesis of fatty acids from glucose (lipogenesis) can be written (for t ...
... encapsulate the overall point and function of the pathway. The overall equation is actually made up of lots of ‘partial’ equations that are added together. OK, So that was just an example. The overall balanced equation for the synthesis of fatty acids from glucose (lipogenesis) can be written (for t ...
PFK-2
... • Hexokinase has low Km and therefore can efficiently use low levels of glucose. But is quickly saturated. • Glucokinase is found in liver and b-cells of pancreas • Glucokinase allows liver to respond to blood glucose levels • It has a high Km, so it does not become saturated till very high levels o ...
... • Hexokinase has low Km and therefore can efficiently use low levels of glucose. But is quickly saturated. • Glucokinase is found in liver and b-cells of pancreas • Glucokinase allows liver to respond to blood glucose levels • It has a high Km, so it does not become saturated till very high levels o ...
Visualizing Macromolecules
... helical structure, ___________________________ and the other is to fold as a _____________________________sheet. These are held together by _________________________________ . 5. TERTIARY STRUCTURE. The 3-dimensional structure of a protein's polypeptide chain or chains may be locked in place by oth ...
... helical structure, ___________________________ and the other is to fold as a _____________________________sheet. These are held together by _________________________________ . 5. TERTIARY STRUCTURE. The 3-dimensional structure of a protein's polypeptide chain or chains may be locked in place by oth ...
carbohydrate metabolism
... in the blood there are other reducing substances (gluthathion, ascorbic acid). Colorimetric methods are rapid and based on the reaction between the glucose and a chromogen (o-toluidine, anthrone). • Enzymatic methods are the most popular procedures because of their high specificity, rapidity of assa ...
... in the blood there are other reducing substances (gluthathion, ascorbic acid). Colorimetric methods are rapid and based on the reaction between the glucose and a chromogen (o-toluidine, anthrone). • Enzymatic methods are the most popular procedures because of their high specificity, rapidity of assa ...
Integration of Metabolism: Glucose Synthesis
... • No cAMP present: inactive R2C2 tetramer, because the active sites on the C subunits are occupied by a pseudosubstrate portion of R (shown in red), which prevents access to the active site by substrates. • When cAMP binds (green squares): causes allosteric conformational change of R, removes the ps ...
... • No cAMP present: inactive R2C2 tetramer, because the active sites on the C subunits are occupied by a pseudosubstrate portion of R (shown in red), which prevents access to the active site by substrates. • When cAMP binds (green squares): causes allosteric conformational change of R, removes the ps ...
Lac operon
lac operon (lactose operon) is an operon required for the transport and metabolism of lactose in Escherichia coli and many other enteric bacteria. Although glucose is the preferred carbon source for most bacteria, the lac operon allows for the effective digestion of lactose when glucose is not available. Gene regulation of the lac operon was the first genetic regulatory mechanism to be understood clearly, so it has become a foremost example of prokaryotic gene regulation. It is often discussed in introductory molecular and cellular biology classes at universities for this reason.Bacterial operons are polycistronic transcripts that are able to produce multiple proteins from one mRNA transcript. In this case, when lactose is required as a sugar source for the bacterium, the three genes of the lac operon can be expressed and their subsequent proteins translated: lacZ, lacY, and lacA. The gene product of lacZ is β-galactosidase which cleaves lactose, a disaccharide, into glucose and galactose. LacY encodes lactose permease, a protein which becomes embedded in the cytoplasmic membrane to enable transport of lactose into the cell. Finally, lacA encodes galactoside O-acetyltransferase. Layout of the lac operon.It would be wasteful to produce the enzymes when there is no lactose available or if there is a more preferable energy source available, such as glucose. The lac operon uses a two-part control mechanism to ensure that the cell expends energy producing the enzymes encoded by the lac operon only when necessary. In the absence of lactose, the lac repressor halts production of the enzymes encoded by the lac operon. In the presence of glucose, the catabolite activator protein (CAP), required for production of the enzymes, remains inactive, and EIIAGlc shuts down lactose permease to prevent transport of lactose into the cell. This dual control mechanism causes the sequential utilization of glucose and lactose in two distinct growth phases, known as diauxie.