Bacterial transformation
... selectable marker (ampicillin resistance in our case). Figure 1 shows a schematic of pQIBT7GFP (pGFP for short), one of the plasmids that you will be transforming into the E. coli strain, BL21(DE3). Note that the plasmid contains the gene of interest, green fluorescence protein (GFP), with a T7 prom ...
... selectable marker (ampicillin resistance in our case). Figure 1 shows a schematic of pQIBT7GFP (pGFP for short), one of the plasmids that you will be transforming into the E. coli strain, BL21(DE3). Note that the plasmid contains the gene of interest, green fluorescence protein (GFP), with a T7 prom ...
Hormonal regulation and pathologies of carbohydrate metabolism
... Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate (F-2,6-BP) is a potent activator of phosphofructokinase 1. F-2,6-BP activates phosphofructokinase I by increasing its affinity for fructose 6-phosphate and diminishing the inhibitory effect of ATP. ...
... Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate (F-2,6-BP) is a potent activator of phosphofructokinase 1. F-2,6-BP activates phosphofructokinase I by increasing its affinity for fructose 6-phosphate and diminishing the inhibitory effect of ATP. ...
Fitness landscapes of gene regulation in variable - UvA-DARE
... At higher concentrations of Pgal cost and benefit are balanced for intermediate inducer concentrations: growth in the presence of 0.10 mM and 0.24 mM Pgal is maximized for IPTG concentrations near 5 μM and 30 μM respectively. For higher Pgal concentrations the maximum observed growth rates lie at ind ...
... At higher concentrations of Pgal cost and benefit are balanced for intermediate inducer concentrations: growth in the presence of 0.10 mM and 0.24 mM Pgal is maximized for IPTG concentrations near 5 μM and 30 μM respectively. For higher Pgal concentrations the maximum observed growth rates lie at ind ...
AP Lesson #50 After transcription, do prokaryotes need to modify
... • add poly-A tail –longer tail, mRNA lasts longer: produces more protein because it won’t get broken down as il quickly A ta ...
... • add poly-A tail –longer tail, mRNA lasts longer: produces more protein because it won’t get broken down as il quickly A ta ...
Physiological role of insulin
... Response to orally ingested glucose Stimulates secretion of insulin GLP-1 stimulates cAMP production Secretion of insulin above the level secreted in response to glucose alone ...
... Response to orally ingested glucose Stimulates secretion of insulin GLP-1 stimulates cAMP production Secretion of insulin above the level secreted in response to glucose alone ...
BrevdueNord.dk Additional Thoughts on Nutrition for Racing Gordon
... intestines into blood vessels that distribute it to tissues – including the liver throughout the body. In the next step, glucose may be used immediately as a source of energy, or it may be transported to both liver and muscle where it is linked together in its complex, highly branched storage form k ...
... intestines into blood vessels that distribute it to tissues – including the liver throughout the body. In the next step, glucose may be used immediately as a source of energy, or it may be transported to both liver and muscle where it is linked together in its complex, highly branched storage form k ...
Other Pathways of Carbohydrate Metabolism Gluconeogenesis
... In fed state, glucose → glycogen and acetyl-CoA (fatty acid biosynthesis and fat storage) In fasted state, glycogen and protein → glucose Pathways are controlled by allosteric effectors and covalent modifications (hormonal control) of: hexokinase glucose-6-phosphatase phosphofructokinase-2/fructose- ...
... In fed state, glucose → glycogen and acetyl-CoA (fatty acid biosynthesis and fat storage) In fasted state, glycogen and protein → glucose Pathways are controlled by allosteric effectors and covalent modifications (hormonal control) of: hexokinase glucose-6-phosphatase phosphofructokinase-2/fructose- ...
Metabolism and Glycolysis
... In 1897 Eduard Buchner found that cell free extracts from yeast can sustain fermentation. This opened the possibility of in vitro study of biological processes and the beginning of biochemistry. In 1905 it was found that a heat-sensitive high-molecular-weight molecules (enzymes) and a heat-insensiti ...
... In 1897 Eduard Buchner found that cell free extracts from yeast can sustain fermentation. This opened the possibility of in vitro study of biological processes and the beginning of biochemistry. In 1905 it was found that a heat-sensitive high-molecular-weight molecules (enzymes) and a heat-insensiti ...
Carbohydrates
... triphenyl--methane type molecule)) is red in color molecule color.. It has to be noted that certain amount of furfurol may be formed also in genuine honey by prolonged heating or lengthy storage storage.. ...
... triphenyl--methane type molecule)) is red in color molecule color.. It has to be noted that certain amount of furfurol may be formed also in genuine honey by prolonged heating or lengthy storage storage.. ...
Abstract - Plant Sulfur Network
... The final product of the sulfate assimilation pathway, sulfide, is incorporated into serine or homoserine carbon chain, forming cysteine or homocysteine, respectively. There are three types of pathway organization by which sulfur amino acids are synthesized and interconverted. Plants, Schizosaccharo ...
... The final product of the sulfate assimilation pathway, sulfide, is incorporated into serine or homoserine carbon chain, forming cysteine or homocysteine, respectively. There are three types of pathway organization by which sulfur amino acids are synthesized and interconverted. Plants, Schizosaccharo ...
U4L23 starvation - The University of Sydney
... This material has been reproduced and communicated to you by or on behalf of the University of Sydney pursuant to Part VB of the Copyright Act 1968 (the Act). The material in this communication may be subject to copyright under the Act. Any further reproduction or communication of this material by y ...
... This material has been reproduced and communicated to you by or on behalf of the University of Sydney pursuant to Part VB of the Copyright Act 1968 (the Act). The material in this communication may be subject to copyright under the Act. Any further reproduction or communication of this material by y ...
24.t Glycolysis
... metabolism are complex.You do not need to memorize them, but they will be used in the text to make it easierto followwhat is happening.Remember also that all the steps of these reactions are catalyzedby enzymes. The phosphoryl group of glucose 6-phosphate comes from AIP This may seem a little surpri ...
... metabolism are complex.You do not need to memorize them, but they will be used in the text to make it easierto followwhat is happening.Remember also that all the steps of these reactions are catalyzedby enzymes. The phosphoryl group of glucose 6-phosphate comes from AIP This may seem a little surpri ...
Transcription
... •They are necessary for recognition of promoter and facilitate the binding of RNA polymerase • Polymerase II and transcription factors bound onto the promoter form a complex called the basal transcription apparatus. It regulates basal gene expression • At least six basal transcription factors in euk ...
... •They are necessary for recognition of promoter and facilitate the binding of RNA polymerase • Polymerase II and transcription factors bound onto the promoter form a complex called the basal transcription apparatus. It regulates basal gene expression • At least six basal transcription factors in euk ...
insulin resistance
... while liver, muscles and fat require insulin for glucose uptake, blood vessels, nerves, kidney and the eye lens do not require insulin Thus, increased intracellular levels of glucose in these cells causes: •non-enzymatic glycation (glucose binds to proteins) = AGEs (advanced ...
... while liver, muscles and fat require insulin for glucose uptake, blood vessels, nerves, kidney and the eye lens do not require insulin Thus, increased intracellular levels of glucose in these cells causes: •non-enzymatic glycation (glucose binds to proteins) = AGEs (advanced ...
Lecture 2
... 3) Accurate reflection of signal intensity in response output: secundary modifications such as phosporylation/dephosphorylation can also directly change a proteins activity. However since such controls tend to be leaky, i.e. are the result of modification/demodification equilibria, their outcome dep ...
... 3) Accurate reflection of signal intensity in response output: secundary modifications such as phosporylation/dephosphorylation can also directly change a proteins activity. However since such controls tend to be leaky, i.e. are the result of modification/demodification equilibria, their outcome dep ...
Blood Glucose Concentration
... Insulin — acts to reduce [glucose]blood Carbohydrate 1. Remove glucose from blood [primary and unique effect of insulin] ...
... Insulin — acts to reduce [glucose]blood Carbohydrate 1. Remove glucose from blood [primary and unique effect of insulin] ...
Problem Set #3 Key
... A. Your “favorite” TA, enjoys eating foods containing high levels of lactose and he wants to know how much ATP (in moles) is generated from the complete oxidation of one mole of lactose. i. Draw the structure of lactose and name its constituent monosaccharides. ...
... A. Your “favorite” TA, enjoys eating foods containing high levels of lactose and he wants to know how much ATP (in moles) is generated from the complete oxidation of one mole of lactose. i. Draw the structure of lactose and name its constituent monosaccharides. ...
as a PDF
... concentration of both sorbitol and fructose increase. This increased activity also causes the NADPH:NADP+ ratio to decrease and the NADH: NAD+ ratio to increase [4]. The change in these ratios can cause changes throughout various systems in the cell. The increase in the NADH:NAD+ ratio, also called ...
... concentration of both sorbitol and fructose increase. This increased activity also causes the NADPH:NADP+ ratio to decrease and the NADH: NAD+ ratio to increase [4]. The change in these ratios can cause changes throughout various systems in the cell. The increase in the NADH:NAD+ ratio, also called ...
Secretion of Bacillus subtilis a-Amylase in the Periplasmic Space of
... E. coli K12 YK660 [F196+thi-1 leuB6 metE70 hisF860 lacZ36 xyl-5 rpsLlO5 rpsElSphoA8 recAl] was used for production of the single-stranded plasmid DNA derivatives. Transformation and plasmid construction were done as described by Maniatis et al. (1982). Nutrient broth containing 1.0% (w/v) peptone, 0 ...
... E. coli K12 YK660 [F196+thi-1 leuB6 metE70 hisF860 lacZ36 xyl-5 rpsLlO5 rpsElSphoA8 recAl] was used for production of the single-stranded plasmid DNA derivatives. Transformation and plasmid construction were done as described by Maniatis et al. (1982). Nutrient broth containing 1.0% (w/v) peptone, 0 ...
Feb 26
... 5’-TATAAT-3’ determines exact start site: bound by s factor 2)” -35 region” : 5’-TTGACA-3’ : bound by s factor 3) UP element : -57: bound by a factor ...
... 5’-TATAAT-3’ determines exact start site: bound by s factor 2)” -35 region” : 5’-TTGACA-3’ : bound by s factor 3) UP element : -57: bound by a factor ...
Mitochondrial Inputs - School of Applied Physiology
... • Substrate level regulation • Hormone level regulation ...
... • Substrate level regulation • Hormone level regulation ...
Blood glucose homeostasis
... promoted by glucokinase which has a lower affinity than hexokinase. • The activity of glucokinase increases with high blood glucose levels and the liver removes glucose from the portal blood after a meal. • After uptake and phosphorylation, excess glucose is stored in the liver as glycogen. ...
... promoted by glucokinase which has a lower affinity than hexokinase. • The activity of glucokinase increases with high blood glucose levels and the liver removes glucose from the portal blood after a meal. • After uptake and phosphorylation, excess glucose is stored in the liver as glycogen. ...
Lac operon
lac operon (lactose operon) is an operon required for the transport and metabolism of lactose in Escherichia coli and many other enteric bacteria. Although glucose is the preferred carbon source for most bacteria, the lac operon allows for the effective digestion of lactose when glucose is not available. Gene regulation of the lac operon was the first genetic regulatory mechanism to be understood clearly, so it has become a foremost example of prokaryotic gene regulation. It is often discussed in introductory molecular and cellular biology classes at universities for this reason.Bacterial operons are polycistronic transcripts that are able to produce multiple proteins from one mRNA transcript. In this case, when lactose is required as a sugar source for the bacterium, the three genes of the lac operon can be expressed and their subsequent proteins translated: lacZ, lacY, and lacA. The gene product of lacZ is β-galactosidase which cleaves lactose, a disaccharide, into glucose and galactose. LacY encodes lactose permease, a protein which becomes embedded in the cytoplasmic membrane to enable transport of lactose into the cell. Finally, lacA encodes galactoside O-acetyltransferase. Layout of the lac operon.It would be wasteful to produce the enzymes when there is no lactose available or if there is a more preferable energy source available, such as glucose. The lac operon uses a two-part control mechanism to ensure that the cell expends energy producing the enzymes encoded by the lac operon only when necessary. In the absence of lactose, the lac repressor halts production of the enzymes encoded by the lac operon. In the presence of glucose, the catabolite activator protein (CAP), required for production of the enzymes, remains inactive, and EIIAGlc shuts down lactose permease to prevent transport of lactose into the cell. This dual control mechanism causes the sequential utilization of glucose and lactose in two distinct growth phases, known as diauxie.