Download Visualizing Macromolecules

Visualizing Macromolecules
Mr. M. McLean, Grade 12 Biology
Introduction - PLEASE HANDWRITE YOUR ANSWERS!!!
A.B. Lucas S.S.
Biology Program
Go to the following website - http://www.biotopics.co.uk/JmolApplet/jcontentstable.html
To Manipulate Molecules:To rotate the molecule yourself, left-click and drag on it.
Part One - Carbohydrates
1. Click GLUCOSE. Practice zooming in and rotating the glucose molecule. What is the formula for glucose?
________________ Click the “label glucose” button and practice labeling the carbon atoms (C1, C2, etc) on the diagram.
You will need to be able to do this.
1. Click FRUCTOSE. Click the “label fructose” button and practice labeling the carbon atoms (C1, C2, etc) on the diagram.
You will need to be able to do this. What is the formula for fructose? ___________________. Are glucose and fructose
isomers? _______ What is the difference between glucose and fructose? __________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ .
2. Click on ALPHA-­GLUCOSE VS. BETA-­GLUCOSE. Practice zooming in and rotating the alpha glucose molecule. How
does (alpha) and (beta) glucose differ structurally ________________________________________________________________.
3. Click on MALTOSE. Maltose is a disaccharide (formula ______________________) consisting of one _____________________
unit combined with one _________________ unit. What type of bond connects the two sub-units? (be specific)
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ .
4. Click on SUCROSE. Sucrose is a disaccharide (formula ______________________) consisting of one _____________________
unit combined with one _________________ unit.
5. Click on LACTOSE. Lactose is a disaccharide (formula ______________________) consisting of one _____________________
unit combined with one _________________ unit.
6. Click on AMYLOSE. Amylose is the name given to linear sections of the starch molecule. What are the linkages called
between the glucose units? (be specific)__________________________________________. This model shows 40 glucose
units, forming a helical structure -­ effectively a tube. What is the function of amylose?
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
7. Click on AMYLOPECTIN. What are the linkages called between the glucose units? (be
specific)__________________________________________. What are the linkages between branch points? (be specific)
_____________________________________________. What 2 molecules make up starch? __________________
_______________________________________ .
8. Click on GLYCOGEN. Glycogen is the name given to linear sections of ‘animal starch’. How is glycogen similar to
amylopectin? ____________________________________________________What is the function of glycogen?
_________________________________________________________________________________
9. Click on CELLULOSE. This model shows 9 glucose units joined by alternating ________________________ bonds. Notice
the shape of the chain. Describe the difference in shape of the cellulose chain with that of amylose.
___________________________________________________
Part Two - Lipids
1. Click on GLYCEROL. What is the functional group found in this molecule? _____________________________
2. Click on SATURATED AND UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS. Locate the carboxyl group of stearic acid. What colour
represents the oxygen atoms? ________________ What is the chemical formula of stearic acid?
____________________________ What is the chemical formula of oleic acid _____________________________ Why is there a
difference in the number of hydrogen atoms?_________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________ What is the
difference between saturated & unsaturated fats?_________________________________________________________________
3. Click on TRIGLYCERIDES (FATS). Zoom into the molecule.What is the bond called between the fatty acids and the central
glycerol unit? _____________________________________________________________________
4. Click on PHOSPHOLIPIDS (FATS). What components are similar between phospholipids & triglycerides?
____________________________________________________________________ . What components are different?
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Part Three - Proteins
1. Click on 20 AMINO ACIDS (in red). Then click on AMINO ACID BASICS. What is two functional groups are found in every
amino acid? _____________________________________________________________________. What is an R-chain?
___________________________________________________________________________ .
2. Click on GENERAL PRINCIPLES . There are 20 different amino acids. For a dipeptide (i.e. 2 amino acids linked together),
how many different amino acid combinations are possible? ____________________ . For a tripeptide, how many different
combinations are possible? ________________. Determine the number of different combinations of a tetrapeptide?
____________________________ . Clearly the number of possible combinations is almost infinite when larger numbers of
amino acids are combined to form a polypeptide.
3. What is PRIMARY STRUCTURE? ______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. SECONDARY STRUCTURE. The polypeptide chain can fold back on itself in a number of ways. One way is to fold into a
helical structure, ___________________________ and the other is to fold as a _____________________________sheet. These
are held together by _________________________________ .
5. TERTIARY STRUCTURE. The 3-­dimensional structure of a protein's polypeptide chain or chains may be locked in place
by other stronger bonds. These bonds are formed between components of the _______ groups of the amino acid residues.
List the types of interactions (intermolecular and intramolecular) holding the 3-dimensional structure together.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ .
6. QUATERNARY STRUCTURE. Do all polypeptides have quaternary structure? _____________________ How is this level of
structure held together? _______________________________________________________________________________________ .
7. Click on CYSTEINE. What is this amino acids R-Chain?____________________________ . Why is this amino acid important
for protein structure? _________________________________________________________________________________________ .
Part Four - Nucleic Acids
1. Click on DNA. The outside edges of the DNA double helix are composed of alternating _______________________ and
_________________________ groups. Click the appropriate button to see the sugar-­phosphate backbone. What element
does the orange atom represent? ________________________________ Across the middle of the molecule are the
nitrogenous bases, showing the nitrogen atoms in blue. In each case the bases do not directly contact their partner on the
opposite strand, to which they are held by _________________________ bonds. Click the appropriate button to see the
hydrogen bonds.
2. Click on DNA Bases. Which nitrogenous bases are purines?___________________& ___________________ Which
nitrogenous bases are pyrimidines? ___________________ & ___________________ What is the structural difference between
purines and pyrimidines? _______________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________ How many
hydrogen bonds are between A-­T? ____________
C-­G? _____________
3. Click on RNA Bases. What are the four bases found in RNA? ______________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________