The Arabidopsis Rab5 Homologs Rha1 and Ara7 Localize to the
... pea homolog of Ypt3/Rab11, localizes predominantly to Golgi stacks and endosomes and Pra3, another pea homolog of Ypt3/ Rab11, localizes to the TGN and/or the prevacuolar compartment (PVC) (Inaba et al. 2002). In this study we investigated the localization of the Arabidopsis Rha1 and Ara7 proteins, ...
... pea homolog of Ypt3/Rab11, localizes predominantly to Golgi stacks and endosomes and Pra3, another pea homolog of Ypt3/ Rab11, localizes to the TGN and/or the prevacuolar compartment (PVC) (Inaba et al. 2002). In this study we investigated the localization of the Arabidopsis Rha1 and Ara7 proteins, ...
The advantages of being small Stockholm University
... Mycoplasmas are known to have the ability to fuse with, invade the cell or live in close contact with the host cell, being obligate parasites (Baseman et al., 1995; Dimitrov et al., 1993). They are able to incorporate essential components such as fatty acids and amino acids from the host cell to sav ...
... Mycoplasmas are known to have the ability to fuse with, invade the cell or live in close contact with the host cell, being obligate parasites (Baseman et al., 1995; Dimitrov et al., 1993). They are able to incorporate essential components such as fatty acids and amino acids from the host cell to sav ...
Investigation of CNT-induced Escherichia coli Lysis and Protein
... The mechanism of making holes on outer membrane is unknown yet. It seems that EDTA causes the loss of 30% to 67% of substantial amounts of LPS for E. coli. After EDTA treatment, the outer membrane seems to remain continuous and there no noticeable holes in the outer membrane [10]. The number of part ...
... The mechanism of making holes on outer membrane is unknown yet. It seems that EDTA causes the loss of 30% to 67% of substantial amounts of LPS for E. coli. After EDTA treatment, the outer membrane seems to remain continuous and there no noticeable holes in the outer membrane [10]. The number of part ...
Inhibition of Transdifferentiation into Tracheary Elements by Polar
... These results suggest that polar auxin transport inhibitors disrupt auxin flow and accumulate auxin in nearby tissues. This promotes the abnormal formation of vascular cells (Mattsson et al. 1999). Most of these data are consistent with the auxin flow canalization hypothesis proposed by Sachs (1991) ...
... These results suggest that polar auxin transport inhibitors disrupt auxin flow and accumulate auxin in nearby tissues. This promotes the abnormal formation of vascular cells (Mattsson et al. 1999). Most of these data are consistent with the auxin flow canalization hypothesis proposed by Sachs (1991) ...
Vaccinia Protein F12 Has Structural Similarity to Kinesin
... Vaccinia virus (VACV) uses microtubules for export of virions to the cell surface and this process requires the viral protein F12. Here we show that F12 has structural similarity to kinesin light chain (KLC), a subunit of the kinesin-1 motor that binds cargo. F12 and KLC share similar size, pI, hydr ...
... Vaccinia virus (VACV) uses microtubules for export of virions to the cell surface and this process requires the viral protein F12. Here we show that F12 has structural similarity to kinesin light chain (KLC), a subunit of the kinesin-1 motor that binds cargo. F12 and KLC share similar size, pI, hydr ...
Signal Sequences Specify the Targeting Route to the Endoplasmic
... signal recognition particle (SRP) 1 and its membrane-localized receptor. The translocation events are carried out by a multi-subunit membrane protein complex, the translocon or Sec61p complex (G6rlich and Rapoport, 1993). Mechanistically, translocation is cotranslational: SRP binds signal sequences ...
... signal recognition particle (SRP) 1 and its membrane-localized receptor. The translocation events are carried out by a multi-subunit membrane protein complex, the translocon or Sec61p complex (G6rlich and Rapoport, 1993). Mechanistically, translocation is cotranslational: SRP binds signal sequences ...
Membrane lipids and gill Na+/K+-ATPase in eel
... there is significant enrichment of basolateral membranes in the final membrane fraction and, second, the degree of enrichment is similar for membranes prepared from both freshwater- and seawater-acclimated animals. Enrichment factors for γ-GT are similar to those for Na+/K+-ATPase. The mitochondrial ...
... there is significant enrichment of basolateral membranes in the final membrane fraction and, second, the degree of enrichment is similar for membranes prepared from both freshwater- and seawater-acclimated animals. Enrichment factors for γ-GT are similar to those for Na+/K+-ATPase. The mitochondrial ...
Getting to the root of plant biology: impact of the Arabidopsis
... roots. Useful insights were obtained, but there was a nagging doubt that responses specific to individual cell types or tissues would be missed, as they were diluted out in the mass of the whole plant or organ. To address this concern, new approaches were needed to allow expression analysis of only ...
... roots. Useful insights were obtained, but there was a nagging doubt that responses specific to individual cell types or tissues would be missed, as they were diluted out in the mass of the whole plant or organ. To address this concern, new approaches were needed to allow expression analysis of only ...
THE DYNAMIN SUPERFAMILY: UNIVERSAL MEMBRANE
... the functions of the multiple isoforms in mammals. Mammalian dynamins 1 and 2 have been shown to have a role in scission of CCVs. In this process, the membrane invaginates to engulf cargo into CLATHRIN-COATED PITS (CCPs), which are eventually detached from the parent membrane with the aid of dynamin ...
... the functions of the multiple isoforms in mammals. Mammalian dynamins 1 and 2 have been shown to have a role in scission of CCVs. In this process, the membrane invaginates to engulf cargo into CLATHRIN-COATED PITS (CCPs), which are eventually detached from the parent membrane with the aid of dynamin ...
Cyclic AMP-Mediated Inhibition of Cell Growth Requires the Small G
... broad array of biological processes, including two that are tightly linked to cellular transformation: mitogenesis (57, 97) and anchorage-independent cell growth (42). ERKs are required for the proliferative actions of growth factors in many cell types (8, 19, 60, 64) through multiple mechanisms (37 ...
... broad array of biological processes, including two that are tightly linked to cellular transformation: mitogenesis (57, 97) and anchorage-independent cell growth (42). ERKs are required for the proliferative actions of growth factors in many cell types (8, 19, 60, 64) through multiple mechanisms (37 ...
Developing Technology-Based Biology Assessments for Cell
... encouraged to focus on the cell as the basic unit of life. Two of the main subjects that are covered in cell biology include cellular necessities/functions (i.e., energy storage and waste removal required by all organisms) and cellular structure (i.e., the differences between organisms, such as plan ...
... encouraged to focus on the cell as the basic unit of life. Two of the main subjects that are covered in cell biology include cellular necessities/functions (i.e., energy storage and waste removal required by all organisms) and cellular structure (i.e., the differences between organisms, such as plan ...
dextran by suspension-cultured plant cells
... protoplasts were also incubated in the appropriate medium containing 1 % ethanol only, as above. Following treatment, samples of cells and protoplasts were washed and mounted for fluorescence microscopy. Fluorescent dextrans. Samples of 3- to 9-day-old cell suspensions (5xlO 6 cells ml" 1 ) were tre ...
... protoplasts were also incubated in the appropriate medium containing 1 % ethanol only, as above. Following treatment, samples of cells and protoplasts were washed and mounted for fluorescence microscopy. Fluorescent dextrans. Samples of 3- to 9-day-old cell suspensions (5xlO 6 cells ml" 1 ) were tre ...
The cell biology of lignification in higher plants
... Despite the fact that lignin is the second most abundant terrestrial biopolymer after cellulose (Boerjan et al., 2003), our understanding of lignin formation remains fragmentary. In contrast to cellulose, which presents a defined biochemical structure independently of the type of plant cell, lignin ...
... Despite the fact that lignin is the second most abundant terrestrial biopolymer after cellulose (Boerjan et al., 2003), our understanding of lignin formation remains fragmentary. In contrast to cellulose, which presents a defined biochemical structure independently of the type of plant cell, lignin ...
The role of the secondary cell wall in plant resistance to pathogens
... (Panstruga et al., 2009). Given that green plants are the ultimate source of energy for most other organisms, it is not surprising that plants have evolved a plethora of resistance mechanisms which are either constitutively present or induced after pathogen attack (Glazebrook, 2005; Panstruga et al. ...
... (Panstruga et al., 2009). Given that green plants are the ultimate source of energy for most other organisms, it is not surprising that plants have evolved a plethora of resistance mechanisms which are either constitutively present or induced after pathogen attack (Glazebrook, 2005; Panstruga et al. ...
Mechanisms of Host Plant Infection by the Parasitic Angiosperm
... adapted parasites infect other plants to steal their water and nutrients. They do so by developing specialized infection organs called haustoria that, in a successful infection, grow into the tissue of the host plant establishing interspecies cell-to-cell connections through which the parasite feeds ...
... adapted parasites infect other plants to steal their water and nutrients. They do so by developing specialized infection organs called haustoria that, in a successful infection, grow into the tissue of the host plant establishing interspecies cell-to-cell connections through which the parasite feeds ...
Immunological Memory: Contribution of Memory B Cells Expressing
... APCs (11, 12), attributed at least in part to their low levels of expression of costimulatory molecules. The capacity of memory B cells to act as APCs may be particularly important, since, unlike dendritic cells or monocytes, B cells are able to interact with T cells in an Ag-specific manner (13, 14 ...
... APCs (11, 12), attributed at least in part to their low levels of expression of costimulatory molecules. The capacity of memory B cells to act as APCs may be particularly important, since, unlike dendritic cells or monocytes, B cells are able to interact with T cells in an Ag-specific manner (13, 14 ...
The Primary Sensations of Smell
... lipid constituents of the cilium itself are a weak barrier to non-lipidsoluble odorants. Adaptation. The olfactory receptors adapt about 50 per cent in the first second after stimulation. Thereafter they adapt very little and very slowly. Most of the additional adaptation occurs within the central n ...
... lipid constituents of the cilium itself are a weak barrier to non-lipidsoluble odorants. Adaptation. The olfactory receptors adapt about 50 per cent in the first second after stimulation. Thereafter they adapt very little and very slowly. Most of the additional adaptation occurs within the central n ...
Characterization of Chloroplast Division Using the Arabidopsis
... plants. To our knowledge, this is the first time the chloroplast division mechanism has been described in wild-type Arabidopsis. Chloroplast division in Arabidopsis occurs by binary fission following a sequence of changes very similar to those previously observed in wheat chloroplasts (Leech et al., ...
... plants. To our knowledge, this is the first time the chloroplast division mechanism has been described in wild-type Arabidopsis. Chloroplast division in Arabidopsis occurs by binary fission following a sequence of changes very similar to those previously observed in wheat chloroplasts (Leech et al., ...
(6R)-hydroxy-BFA in tobacco and Arabidopsis
... expressing either one or the other form (Anders and Jürgens, 2008; Richter et al., 2009), and indeed Golgi stack BFA resistance or sensitivity may vary from tissue to tissue within the same plant (Robinson et al., 2008a). The Arabidopsis genome encodes 9–12 ARF-GTPases and eight ARF-GEFs (Jürgens ...
... expressing either one or the other form (Anders and Jürgens, 2008; Richter et al., 2009), and indeed Golgi stack BFA resistance or sensitivity may vary from tissue to tissue within the same plant (Robinson et al., 2008a). The Arabidopsis genome encodes 9–12 ARF-GTPases and eight ARF-GEFs (Jürgens ...
- ORCA - Cardiff University
... Salvesen, 2007). In mammalian cells, initiation of the executor caspases is regulated by two distinct protein cascades: the intrinsic pathway, also known as the mitochondrial pathway, and the extrinsic pathway. The intrinsic pathway integrates a number of intra- and extracellular signal modalities, ...
... Salvesen, 2007). In mammalian cells, initiation of the executor caspases is regulated by two distinct protein cascades: the intrinsic pathway, also known as the mitochondrial pathway, and the extrinsic pathway. The intrinsic pathway integrates a number of intra- and extracellular signal modalities, ...
Understanding How Lipopolysaccharide Impacts CD4 T Cell Immunity
... 1. Th1 and Th2—Studies on effector differentiation in the 1990s demonstrated that LPS can bias immune responses towards Th1. Culturing human T cells in LPS-free medium for 6 days, followed by non-specific stimulation with PMA plus ionomycin resulted in their production of both IFN-γ and IL-4.56 Howe ...
... 1. Th1 and Th2—Studies on effector differentiation in the 1990s demonstrated that LPS can bias immune responses towards Th1. Culturing human T cells in LPS-free medium for 6 days, followed by non-specific stimulation with PMA plus ionomycin resulted in their production of both IFN-γ and IL-4.56 Howe ...
Full Text - Global Science Books
... far more complex. Except for the first cell division that has been reported to be also asymmetric, the subsequent cell divisions follow a variable and unpredictable cell division pattern (even at the very early stages) during monocot embryogenesis (Zimmermann and Werr 2007). As a result, cell type s ...
... far more complex. Except for the first cell division that has been reported to be also asymmetric, the subsequent cell divisions follow a variable and unpredictable cell division pattern (even at the very early stages) during monocot embryogenesis (Zimmermann and Werr 2007). As a result, cell type s ...
Cell Communication and Signaling
... Food-borne infections with pathogenic bacteria represent one of the leading causes of morbidity and death in humans. Estimations by the World Health Organization WHO suggest that the human population worldwide suffers from about 4.5 billion incidences of diarrhoea every year, causing approximately 1 ...
... Food-borne infections with pathogenic bacteria represent one of the leading causes of morbidity and death in humans. Estimations by the World Health Organization WHO suggest that the human population worldwide suffers from about 4.5 billion incidences of diarrhoea every year, causing approximately 1 ...
- Wiley Online Library
... octamer of highly conserved core histones: H2A, H2B, H3 and H4. The binding of linker histone H1 to DNA entry/exit points of nucleosomes and linker DNA between two nucleosomes facilitates further compaction of chromatin into a higher-order structure. The accessibility and compaction of chromatin in ...
... octamer of highly conserved core histones: H2A, H2B, H3 and H4. The binding of linker histone H1 to DNA entry/exit points of nucleosomes and linker DNA between two nucleosomes facilitates further compaction of chromatin into a higher-order structure. The accessibility and compaction of chromatin in ...
DAZL is essential for stress granule formation
... We performed co-staining analyses to examine the possibility that the DAZL-positive granules are SGs. TIA1 is known to form a prion-like aggregation for SG assembly in a stressed cell (Kedersha et al., 1999; Gilks et al., 2004). In normal testis, TIA1 was detected in the nuclei of spermatocytes and ...
... We performed co-staining analyses to examine the possibility that the DAZL-positive granules are SGs. TIA1 is known to form a prion-like aggregation for SG assembly in a stressed cell (Kedersha et al., 1999; Gilks et al., 2004). In normal testis, TIA1 was detected in the nuclei of spermatocytes and ...
Cytokinesis
Cytokinesis (cyto- + kinesis) is the process during cell division in which the cytoplasm of a single eukaryotic cell is divided to form two daughter cells. It usually initiates during the early stages of mitosis, and sometimes meiosis, splitting a mitotic cell in two, to ensure that chromosome number is maintained from one generation to the next. After cytokinesis two (daughter) cells will be formed that are exact copies of the (parent) original cell. After cytokinesis, each daughter cell is in the interphase portion of the cell cycle. In animal cells, one notable exception to the normal process of cytokinesis is oogenesis (the creation of an ovum in the ovarian follicle of the ovary), where the ovum takes almost all the cytoplasm and organelles, leaving very little for the resulting polar bodies, which then die. Another form of mitosis without cytokinesis occurs in the liver, yielding multinucleate cells. In plant cells, a dividing structure known as the cell plate forms within the centre of the cytoplasm and a new cell wall forms between the two daughter cells.Cytokinesis is distinguished from the prokaryotic process of binary fission.