Starfish ApDOCK protein essentially functions in larval
... The starfish Asterina pectinifera is an echinoderm that is phylogenetically close to the origin of the deuterostome. We have previously reported that the larva of A. pectinifera is equipped with a simple defense system in which a single type of mesenchyme cell operates as an immunocompetent cell.1 T ...
... The starfish Asterina pectinifera is an echinoderm that is phylogenetically close to the origin of the deuterostome. We have previously reported that the larva of A. pectinifera is equipped with a simple defense system in which a single type of mesenchyme cell operates as an immunocompetent cell.1 T ...
The Molecular Basis of the Evolution and Diversity of Stomatal
... opposite the site of the most recent asymmetric division, which appears to be BASL’s main site of activity (Dong et al., 2009) (Figure 3). The ectopic overexpression of BASL confers abnormal cell polarization. Interestingly, the loss of asymmetry in a basl mutant resulted in adoption of the stomatal ...
... opposite the site of the most recent asymmetric division, which appears to be BASL’s main site of activity (Dong et al., 2009) (Figure 3). The ectopic overexpression of BASL confers abnormal cell polarization. Interestingly, the loss of asymmetry in a basl mutant resulted in adoption of the stomatal ...
Caspases - Essays in Biochemistry
... inhibitory protein), IAPs (inhibitors of apoptosis protein) and Bcl-2-like proteins], HSPs (heat-shock proteins) and viral proteins [crmA, p35, vMIA (viral mitochondria-localized inhibitor of apoptosis)]. IAPs are a family of proteins that bind and inhibit caspases directly [15]. Studies have indica ...
... inhibitory protein), IAPs (inhibitors of apoptosis protein) and Bcl-2-like proteins], HSPs (heat-shock proteins) and viral proteins [crmA, p35, vMIA (viral mitochondria-localized inhibitor of apoptosis)]. IAPs are a family of proteins that bind and inhibit caspases directly [15]. Studies have indica ...
Multiple post-translational modifications regulate E
... of five cadherin domains separated by interdomain Ca2+ binding sites (Gumbiner, 2000). Cadherins mediate cell–cell adhesion through interactions between N-terminal cadherin domains on opposing cell surfaces and by organization of the actin cytoskeleton through a-catenin (Nelson, 2008). Assembly of E ...
... of five cadherin domains separated by interdomain Ca2+ binding sites (Gumbiner, 2000). Cadherins mediate cell–cell adhesion through interactions between N-terminal cadherin domains on opposing cell surfaces and by organization of the actin cytoskeleton through a-catenin (Nelson, 2008). Assembly of E ...
Coordination of Cellular Pattern-Generating Circuits that Control
... Each local three-cell circuit that controls a swimmeret can be considered as a local oscillator that has its own intrinsic frequency, . The activity of this oscillator can be described by one variable, , the phase of this oscillator as it moves around its stable limit-cycle. In a set of similar os ...
... Each local three-cell circuit that controls a swimmeret can be considered as a local oscillator that has its own intrinsic frequency, . The activity of this oscillator can be described by one variable, , the phase of this oscillator as it moves around its stable limit-cycle. In a set of similar os ...
Cytokine-inducing glycolipids in the lipoteichoic acid fraction from
... Lipoteichoic acids are generally composed of two main structural parts, glucose or D-alanine substituted polyglycerophosphate and glycolipid [4]. The structure has been proposed by Fischer et al. [4] for LTAs from E. hirue and S. pyogenes. To investigate the structure-activity relationships of E. hi ...
... Lipoteichoic acids are generally composed of two main structural parts, glucose or D-alanine substituted polyglycerophosphate and glycolipid [4]. The structure has been proposed by Fischer et al. [4] for LTAs from E. hirue and S. pyogenes. To investigate the structure-activity relationships of E. hi ...
The ultrastructure of chilling stress
... chilling stress is no exception. There are many factors such as light intensity, relative humidity and the inherent sensitivity of the plant to chilling that interact and may either enhance the effect or act as protection against injury. Indeed, it is arguably next to impossible to control for all o ...
... chilling stress is no exception. There are many factors such as light intensity, relative humidity and the inherent sensitivity of the plant to chilling that interact and may either enhance the effect or act as protection against injury. Indeed, it is arguably next to impossible to control for all o ...
Extracellular ATP in Plants. Visualization
... intracellular calcium levels. Thomas et al. (2000) suggested that plants could use the ATP gradient across the plasma membrane to drive symport through a multiple drug resistance transporter. Jeter et al. (2004) showed that ATP-induced increases in cytoplasmic calcium levels were coupled to downstre ...
... intracellular calcium levels. Thomas et al. (2000) suggested that plants could use the ATP gradient across the plasma membrane to drive symport through a multiple drug resistance transporter. Jeter et al. (2004) showed that ATP-induced increases in cytoplasmic calcium levels were coupled to downstre ...
Gram`s staining - Micro-Rao
... the outer membrane of Gram negative bacteria and it leaches the dye-iodine complex out of the cell. A thin layer of peptidoglycan does not offer much resistance either. The dye-iodine complexes are washed from the Gram negative cell along with the outer membrane. Hence Gram negative cells readily ge ...
... the outer membrane of Gram negative bacteria and it leaches the dye-iodine complex out of the cell. A thin layer of peptidoglycan does not offer much resistance either. The dye-iodine complexes are washed from the Gram negative cell along with the outer membrane. Hence Gram negative cells readily ge ...
Kratsch, H.A . and R.R. Wise. 2000. The ultrastructure of chilling stress. Plant, Cell Environment 23: 337-350.
... chilling stress is no exception. There are many factors such as light intensity, relative humidity and the inherent sensitivity of the plant to chilling that interact and may either enhance the effect or act as protection against injury. Indeed, it is arguably next to impossible to control for all o ...
... chilling stress is no exception. There are many factors such as light intensity, relative humidity and the inherent sensitivity of the plant to chilling that interact and may either enhance the effect or act as protection against injury. Indeed, it is arguably next to impossible to control for all o ...
regulates cortical cell migration out of the
... provide a link between these molecules. We used a yeast two-hybrid screen with the C-terminal half of S-FILIP and mouse E11 wholeembryo library as bait and prey, respectively. In this way, we identified a clone that encodes Filamin A. This clone corresponds to a middle part of Filamin A, spanning th ...
... provide a link between these molecules. We used a yeast two-hybrid screen with the C-terminal half of S-FILIP and mouse E11 wholeembryo library as bait and prey, respectively. In this way, we identified a clone that encodes Filamin A. This clone corresponds to a middle part of Filamin A, spanning th ...
Protein kinase signaling networks in plant innate immunity
... without affecting JA and ET levels [55]. Since CPK3 can induce the flg22-responsive gene NHL10, it may also be involved in MAMP signaling [8]. Thus, multiple CPKs from three subgroups play redundant and specific roles in plant defense. Considering the 34 Arabidopsis CDPKs, 25 CIPKs and 8 putative ...
... without affecting JA and ET levels [55]. Since CPK3 can induce the flg22-responsive gene NHL10, it may also be involved in MAMP signaling [8]. Thus, multiple CPKs from three subgroups play redundant and specific roles in plant defense. Considering the 34 Arabidopsis CDPKs, 25 CIPKs and 8 putative ...
The Arabidopsis Rab GTPase family: another
... Although the Rab GTPase family clearly arose early in eukaryotic evolution, the yeast, mammalian, invertebrate, and angiosperm lineages have each elaborated quite distinct complements of Rab proteins [7,9,11••]. The genome of Schizosaccharomyces pombe encodes a basic complement of seven Rab proteins ...
... Although the Rab GTPase family clearly arose early in eukaryotic evolution, the yeast, mammalian, invertebrate, and angiosperm lineages have each elaborated quite distinct complements of Rab proteins [7,9,11••]. The genome of Schizosaccharomyces pombe encodes a basic complement of seven Rab proteins ...
Expression and function of cell adhesion molecules during neural
... types. NC cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions are an essential part of the migration ...
... types. NC cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions are an essential part of the migration ...
Photomorphogenesis, B-Box Transcription Factors
... To further understand how BBX24 and BBX25 affect photomorphogenesis, the authors then searched for transcription factor targets, and it was found that together they can negatively regulate the expression of BBX22. It was shown previously that BBX22 expression is regulated directly by HY5 binding to ...
... To further understand how BBX24 and BBX25 affect photomorphogenesis, the authors then searched for transcription factor targets, and it was found that together they can negatively regulate the expression of BBX22. It was shown previously that BBX22 expression is regulated directly by HY5 binding to ...
Grape Berry Vacuole - American Journal of Enology and Viticulture
... and the tonoplast glucose/H+ antiporter AtVGT1 (At3g03090) was characterized in the same plant model (Aluri and Büttner 2007). In V. vinifera, the hexose transporter VvHT6 is presumed to be targeted to the tonoplast (reviewed by Agasse et al. 2009). The sequence of VvHT6 is similar to that of the th ...
... and the tonoplast glucose/H+ antiporter AtVGT1 (At3g03090) was characterized in the same plant model (Aluri and Büttner 2007). In V. vinifera, the hexose transporter VvHT6 is presumed to be targeted to the tonoplast (reviewed by Agasse et al. 2009). The sequence of VvHT6 is similar to that of the th ...
Structural Sterols Are Involved in Both the Initiation and Tip Growth
... sterol-specific fluorescence signals were found in the prebulge stage, in root hair bulges, and in the tips of growing root hairs (Figure 1; see Supplemental Figures 1A and 1B online). Filipin-positive sterols accumulated in globular structures located in the trichoblast cell’s cortex prior to bulge ...
... sterol-specific fluorescence signals were found in the prebulge stage, in root hair bulges, and in the tips of growing root hairs (Figure 1; see Supplemental Figures 1A and 1B online). Filipin-positive sterols accumulated in globular structures located in the trichoblast cell’s cortex prior to bulge ...
Full-Text PDF
... Rab-effector proteins to participate in membrane trafficking and intracellular signaling [2–4]. To date, 70 distinct Rab proteins have been identified, and each one is believed to be specifically associated with a particular organelle or pathway. Rabs are present in all intracellular membrane compar ...
... Rab-effector proteins to participate in membrane trafficking and intracellular signaling [2–4]. To date, 70 distinct Rab proteins have been identified, and each one is believed to be specifically associated with a particular organelle or pathway. Rabs are present in all intracellular membrane compar ...
Plasticity in Cell Division Patterns and Auxin
... d Plant Biotechnology Institute, National Research Council of Canada, Saskatoon S7N 0W9, Canada e Molecular and Developmental Genetics, Institute Biology Leiden, Leiden University, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands b Université ...
... d Plant Biotechnology Institute, National Research Council of Canada, Saskatoon S7N 0W9, Canada e Molecular and Developmental Genetics, Institute Biology Leiden, Leiden University, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands b Université ...
File produced at level 10
... controls OPA1/Mgm1-mediated tethering versus fusion. Nunnari and colleagues speculate that OPA1/Mgm1-mediated inner membrane fusion may occur only after a signal from active mitofusins on the outer membrane (Hoppins et al. 2007). OPA1/Mgm1 is thus a dual-function protein important both for inner mit ...
... controls OPA1/Mgm1-mediated tethering versus fusion. Nunnari and colleagues speculate that OPA1/Mgm1-mediated inner membrane fusion may occur only after a signal from active mitofusins on the outer membrane (Hoppins et al. 2007). OPA1/Mgm1 is thus a dual-function protein important both for inner mit ...
The Dynamic Changes of Tonoplasts in Guard
... et al., 2000; Shope et al., 2003). Moreover, scanning electron microscopy also showed that the exocytotic extrusions on the plasma membrane appeared in shrunk protoplasts but disappeared in swelled protoplasts, indicating that these extrusions may be involved in the dynamic change of the surface are ...
... et al., 2000; Shope et al., 2003). Moreover, scanning electron microscopy also showed that the exocytotic extrusions on the plasma membrane appeared in shrunk protoplasts but disappeared in swelled protoplasts, indicating that these extrusions may be involved in the dynamic change of the surface are ...
12Macromolecular
... activity incorporated into the acid-precipitable, alkaline-labile cell fraction (RNA). DNA was determined by the method of Burton (9). Secretion from the VYS. Rat conceptuses were explanted from uteri and placed in culture as described previously. After 30 min of equilibration in culture, [3H]leucin ...
... activity incorporated into the acid-precipitable, alkaline-labile cell fraction (RNA). DNA was determined by the method of Burton (9). Secretion from the VYS. Rat conceptuses were explanted from uteri and placed in culture as described previously. After 30 min of equilibration in culture, [3H]leucin ...
Cellular mechanisms of potassium transport in plants
... K1 acquisition from low external concentrations is usually considered to be an energy-demanding process, while that from high concentrations is energetically passive. On the surface, this view is supported by analyses of the electrochemical potential gradient for K1 transport into the plant cell, wh ...
... K1 acquisition from low external concentrations is usually considered to be an energy-demanding process, while that from high concentrations is energetically passive. On the surface, this view is supported by analyses of the electrochemical potential gradient for K1 transport into the plant cell, wh ...
Structural and chemical differences in the cell wall regions in
... has been proposed to affect the firmness of thermally processed onion.15,16 This suggests that PME may play an active role in modifying the texture of onion. Although PG activity has not been investigated in onion, it has been correlated to a loss of cellular adhesion in the roots of Leek (Allium po ...
... has been proposed to affect the firmness of thermally processed onion.15,16 This suggests that PME may play an active role in modifying the texture of onion. Although PG activity has not been investigated in onion, it has been correlated to a loss of cellular adhesion in the roots of Leek (Allium po ...
The Tobacco Mosaic Virus 126-Kilodalton Protein
... results from a recent study where the MT array was disrupted in situ with pharmacological agents or by silencing of the a-tubulin gene indicated that disruption of the MTs did not alter TMV cell-to-cell spread (Gillespie et al., 2002). These authors suggested that MTs function to transport TMV MP to ...
... results from a recent study where the MT array was disrupted in situ with pharmacological agents or by silencing of the a-tubulin gene indicated that disruption of the MTs did not alter TMV cell-to-cell spread (Gillespie et al., 2002). These authors suggested that MTs function to transport TMV MP to ...
Cytokinesis
Cytokinesis (cyto- + kinesis) is the process during cell division in which the cytoplasm of a single eukaryotic cell is divided to form two daughter cells. It usually initiates during the early stages of mitosis, and sometimes meiosis, splitting a mitotic cell in two, to ensure that chromosome number is maintained from one generation to the next. After cytokinesis two (daughter) cells will be formed that are exact copies of the (parent) original cell. After cytokinesis, each daughter cell is in the interphase portion of the cell cycle. In animal cells, one notable exception to the normal process of cytokinesis is oogenesis (the creation of an ovum in the ovarian follicle of the ovary), where the ovum takes almost all the cytoplasm and organelles, leaving very little for the resulting polar bodies, which then die. Another form of mitosis without cytokinesis occurs in the liver, yielding multinucleate cells. In plant cells, a dividing structure known as the cell plate forms within the centre of the cytoplasm and a new cell wall forms between the two daughter cells.Cytokinesis is distinguished from the prokaryotic process of binary fission.