Mapping Retinotopic Structure in Mouse Visual Cortex with Optical
... collected immediately before and during each 6 sec stimulus presentation, respectively. Electrophysiolog y. In three animals, we recorded single units extracellularly after the optical imaging. The electrode recording sites were placed within area 17, which was determined previously by optical imagi ...
... collected immediately before and during each 6 sec stimulus presentation, respectively. Electrophysiolog y. In three animals, we recorded single units extracellularly after the optical imaging. The electrode recording sites were placed within area 17, which was determined previously by optical imagi ...
Rapid Neural Coding in the Retina with Relative Spike Latencies
... glutamate receptor agonist that blocks neural transmission to ON bipolar cells (26). The results were as predicted: Fast OFF ganglion cells ceased responding to about half of the stimuli (fig. S8), consistent with a loss of all the ON filters of the model as shown in Fig. 3F. Although grating stimul ...
... glutamate receptor agonist that blocks neural transmission to ON bipolar cells (26). The results were as predicted: Fast OFF ganglion cells ceased responding to about half of the stimuli (fig. S8), consistent with a loss of all the ON filters of the model as shown in Fig. 3F. Although grating stimul ...
Sleep and sleep states: Thalamic regulation
... 7–14 Hz oscillations, organized within a waxingand-waning envelope, that recur periodically every 10–20 s. In cats and rodents, spindle waves of similar characteristics appear during slow-wave sleep and are typically more prominent at sleep onset. They are enhanced by some anesthetics, such as barbi ...
... 7–14 Hz oscillations, organized within a waxingand-waning envelope, that recur periodically every 10–20 s. In cats and rodents, spindle waves of similar characteristics appear during slow-wave sleep and are typically more prominent at sleep onset. They are enhanced by some anesthetics, such as barbi ...
a review with emphasis on the projections of specific thalamic nuclei
... strvctures might be comprised even with less extensive lesions of the cortex. Walker’“” noted that, even when the lesions are clearly restricted to the cerebral cortex, the interpretation of retrograde studies using large cortical lesions is complicated by the fact that the resultant thalarnic degen ...
... strvctures might be comprised even with less extensive lesions of the cortex. Walker’“” noted that, even when the lesions are clearly restricted to the cerebral cortex, the interpretation of retrograde studies using large cortical lesions is complicated by the fact that the resultant thalarnic degen ...
The ventral striatum in goal-directed behavior and - UvA-DARE
... been argued that episodic-like memories should contain at least a “what”, a “where” and a “when” component (Tulving, 1972; Clayton et al., 2003). Using the food-caching and retrieval behaviors of scrub jays, it was shown that indeed these birds can retain information on what type of food was stored ...
... been argued that episodic-like memories should contain at least a “what”, a “where” and a “when” component (Tulving, 1972; Clayton et al., 2003). Using the food-caching and retrieval behaviors of scrub jays, it was shown that indeed these birds can retain information on what type of food was stored ...
Horizontal Interactions in Cat Striate Cortex: 1. Anatomical Substrate
... FB was dissolved at a concentration of 5 % in distilled water, DY at a concentration of 2% in distilled water and FG was dissolved at a concentration of 3 % in 0.2 M phosphate buffer (PB) and injected in amounts of 500 nl. RBs were applied via Hamilton syringe in amounts of 100 nl. In most cases the ...
... FB was dissolved at a concentration of 5 % in distilled water, DY at a concentration of 2% in distilled water and FG was dissolved at a concentration of 3 % in 0.2 M phosphate buffer (PB) and injected in amounts of 500 nl. RBs were applied via Hamilton syringe in amounts of 100 nl. In most cases the ...
striatum
... Important for stimulus – response behavior THE VENTRAL STRIATUM (nc. Accumbens) The learning and execution of reward-related movements and activities. The ventral striatum is activated in reward situations. Reward= smoking, alcohol, drugs, sex, economic reward ...
... Important for stimulus – response behavior THE VENTRAL STRIATUM (nc. Accumbens) The learning and execution of reward-related movements and activities. The ventral striatum is activated in reward situations. Reward= smoking, alcohol, drugs, sex, economic reward ...
A Stress-Induced Shift From Trace to Delay Conditioning Depends
... (Figure 2), another CS1 that was followed by the US after an interval of 3 seconds (CS1trace), and a third stimulus that was never reinforced (conditioned stimulus not paired with the US, CS-) (27). Three gray-scaled pictures of neutral male faces served as CS (28,29), and the assignment to CS type ...
... (Figure 2), another CS1 that was followed by the US after an interval of 3 seconds (CS1trace), and a third stimulus that was never reinforced (conditioned stimulus not paired with the US, CS-) (27). Three gray-scaled pictures of neutral male faces served as CS (28,29), and the assignment to CS type ...
Sensory5
... Which receptor types serve DC and AL systems? Note: mechanoceptors have the largest-diameter axons and are the fastest-conducting, covered with thick myelin sheath (what kind of cell provides this sheath?) After DRG cell, axons enter SC at the dorsal root. Dermatome: Area of skin innervated by axons ...
... Which receptor types serve DC and AL systems? Note: mechanoceptors have the largest-diameter axons and are the fastest-conducting, covered with thick myelin sheath (what kind of cell provides this sheath?) After DRG cell, axons enter SC at the dorsal root. Dermatome: Area of skin innervated by axons ...
Frontal lobe and cognitive development
... is made of progressively higher areas of posterior (postcentral) cortex of sensory association for its respective modality. Each area projects not only to the next in the pathway but also, through long fibers, to a discrete area of frontal cortex. The primary areas for olfaction and taste reside in ...
... is made of progressively higher areas of posterior (postcentral) cortex of sensory association for its respective modality. Each area projects not only to the next in the pathway but also, through long fibers, to a discrete area of frontal cortex. The primary areas for olfaction and taste reside in ...
Segregated Cell Populations Enable Distinct Parallel Encoding
... Lorente de Nó [10] was first to predict a non-uniform connec tivity of interneurons onto principal cells in the hippocampus but it is only 80 years later that Lee et al. [60] provided evidence of such a local microcircuit mediating inhibition and excitation. Parvalbumin (PV)-expressing interneurons ...
... Lorente de Nó [10] was first to predict a non-uniform connec tivity of interneurons onto principal cells in the hippocampus but it is only 80 years later that Lee et al. [60] provided evidence of such a local microcircuit mediating inhibition and excitation. Parvalbumin (PV)-expressing interneurons ...
Placing prediction into the fear circuit
... fear responses after being paired with an aversive US, so it is natural to regard these pathways as carrying a teaching signal that instructs learning, and synaptic plasticity, across CS–US pairings. Aversive USs might act as teaching signals to trigger plasticity at CS input synapses to the LA, at ...
... fear responses after being paired with an aversive US, so it is natural to regard these pathways as carrying a teaching signal that instructs learning, and synaptic plasticity, across CS–US pairings. Aversive USs might act as teaching signals to trigger plasticity at CS input synapses to the LA, at ...
Review Reward, Motivation, and Reinforcement Learning
... 1975; Toates 1986, 1994), in which stimuli associated with positive reinforcers such as food or water (which are known as Pavlovian excitors) are thought to act as conditioned incentives for instrumental conditioning. This is the conditioned reinforcement effect, that if a rat observes that a partic ...
... 1975; Toates 1986, 1994), in which stimuli associated with positive reinforcers such as food or water (which are known as Pavlovian excitors) are thought to act as conditioned incentives for instrumental conditioning. This is the conditioned reinforcement effect, that if a rat observes that a partic ...
Cell-Type Specific Properties of Pyramidal
... correlating parameters from individual studies. The identification of genetically labeled neurons throughout the neocortex enabled in the present work the combined study of many parameters and their dependency on the sensory modality. We have characterized 2 populations of L5 pyramidal neurons geneti ...
... correlating parameters from individual studies. The identification of genetically labeled neurons throughout the neocortex enabled in the present work the combined study of many parameters and their dependency on the sensory modality. We have characterized 2 populations of L5 pyramidal neurons geneti ...
US Copyright Law
... order to lay out the neural "highways" that allow information to get from one place to another. This problem is made complex by the fact that neurons are not wired together in a simple, serial circuit. A single cortical neuron is likely to be innervated by (i.e., receive inputs from) large numbers o ...
... order to lay out the neural "highways" that allow information to get from one place to another. This problem is made complex by the fact that neurons are not wired together in a simple, serial circuit. A single cortical neuron is likely to be innervated by (i.e., receive inputs from) large numbers o ...
Triggered activity due to delayed afterdepolarizations in - AJP
... suggests local, functional block of activation. Isochrones were calculated and drawn by hand. VT mechanisms were standard and defined as described elsewhere (1, 2, 36), including focal VT occurring when the electrode recording the earliest SOO was surrounded on six sides by other electrodes within 1 ...
... suggests local, functional block of activation. Isochrones were calculated and drawn by hand. VT mechanisms were standard and defined as described elsewhere (1, 2, 36), including focal VT occurring when the electrode recording the earliest SOO was surrounded on six sides by other electrodes within 1 ...
PDF
... been linked to tonic aspects of dopaminergic signaling. We end with a brief discussion of some of the limitations of the reinforcement learning framework, highlighting questions for future research. A fundamental question in behavioral neuroscience concerns the decision-making processes by which ani ...
... been linked to tonic aspects of dopaminergic signaling. We end with a brief discussion of some of the limitations of the reinforcement learning framework, highlighting questions for future research. A fundamental question in behavioral neuroscience concerns the decision-making processes by which ani ...
The anatomy, physiology and functions of the
... damage limited to the perirhinal cortex appears to have the most devastating effect on visual recognition memory. Although the majority of studies have examined the effect of perirhinal lesions on recognition memory for visual stimuli, the memory impairment is not limited to the visual modality. For ...
... damage limited to the perirhinal cortex appears to have the most devastating effect on visual recognition memory. Although the majority of studies have examined the effect of perirhinal lesions on recognition memory for visual stimuli, the memory impairment is not limited to the visual modality. For ...
Task-dependent plasticity of spectrotemporal receptive fields in
... 1989), is characterized as modulation of auditory cortical receptive Welds that is (1) behaviorally driven by attentive focus on a salient acoustic feature necessary for task performance, (2) rapid – occurring within minutes of a change in task requirements or acoustics, (3) measured in the awake, b ...
... 1989), is characterized as modulation of auditory cortical receptive Welds that is (1) behaviorally driven by attentive focus on a salient acoustic feature necessary for task performance, (2) rapid – occurring within minutes of a change in task requirements or acoustics, (3) measured in the awake, b ...
Mapping Horizontal Spread of Activity in Monkey Motor
... of these intrinsic synaptic connections, especially their relationship with the cortical representations of body movements, have not been systematically investigated. To address this issue, we used multielectrode arrays chronically implanted in the motor cortex of two rhesus monkeys to analyze the e ...
... of these intrinsic synaptic connections, especially their relationship with the cortical representations of body movements, have not been systematically investigated. To address this issue, we used multielectrode arrays chronically implanted in the motor cortex of two rhesus monkeys to analyze the e ...
Pioneers of cortical plasticity: six classic papers by Wiesel and Hubel
... competition from the nondeprived eye in a small region of cortex and experimentally support the hypothesis that the atrophy in the LGN arose from competition between the eye-specific inputs in the cortex. On the basis of long-term dark rearing from birth in a variety of mammals, a number of early in ...
... competition from the nondeprived eye in a small region of cortex and experimentally support the hypothesis that the atrophy in the LGN arose from competition between the eye-specific inputs in the cortex. On the basis of long-term dark rearing from birth in a variety of mammals, a number of early in ...
Electrophysiological recordings from behaving animals—going
... The main limitation of the freely behaving intracellular recording method is the low success rates. To reach such a recording one must start with an anesthetized animal, once a stable recording is achieved the electrode is anchored to the skull, only then the animal can be removed from the stereotax ...
... The main limitation of the freely behaving intracellular recording method is the low success rates. To reach such a recording one must start with an anesthetized animal, once a stable recording is achieved the electrode is anchored to the skull, only then the animal can be removed from the stereotax ...
Impaired Neurocognitive Functions Affect Social Learning
... and CD may have difficulty learning to optimize their behavior in changeable environments. This conceptualization of ODD and CD is relevant for the improvement of the effect of psychological treatments. Behavioral and cognitive-behavioral interventions that have been shown to be modestly effective i ...
... and CD may have difficulty learning to optimize their behavior in changeable environments. This conceptualization of ODD and CD is relevant for the improvement of the effect of psychological treatments. Behavioral and cognitive-behavioral interventions that have been shown to be modestly effective i ...
Lemniscal recurrent and transcortical influences on
... generated in primary afferent terminals by presynaptic depolarization.5., 30. and 50. Thus, electrical volleys applied to the ML should induce a double discharge in the DCN, the first being produced through recurrent collaterals of activated lemniscal axons and the second by the activation of the th ...
... generated in primary afferent terminals by presynaptic depolarization.5., 30. and 50. Thus, electrical volleys applied to the ML should induce a double discharge in the DCN, the first being produced through recurrent collaterals of activated lemniscal axons and the second by the activation of the th ...
Thinking in circuits: toward neurobiological explanation in cognitive
... problems that seem to persist for other neurocomputational approaches. For example, concepts or percepts are sometimes represented as activation vectors over neuron populations (see, for example, Rogers and McClelland 2004), but it is well known that this approach runs into the problem of catastroph ...
... problems that seem to persist for other neurocomputational approaches. For example, concepts or percepts are sometimes represented as activation vectors over neuron populations (see, for example, Rogers and McClelland 2004), but it is well known that this approach runs into the problem of catastroph ...