Organization of acetylcholine-containing structures in the cranial
... motor nuclei contained ChAT-positive cell bodies and fibres, but the intensity of staining differed between the nuclei. Furthermore, characteristic ChAT-immunoreactive bouton-like structures, which are known to be synaptic terminals of the cholinergic system, were observed in the borders of all stud ...
... motor nuclei contained ChAT-positive cell bodies and fibres, but the intensity of staining differed between the nuclei. Furthermore, characteristic ChAT-immunoreactive bouton-like structures, which are known to be synaptic terminals of the cholinergic system, were observed in the borders of all stud ...
An ultra small array of electrodes for stimulating multiple
... Both local bipolar stimuli and monopolar stimuli with a remote ground were used. The most reliable stimuli and fastest artifacts came from local bipolar stimuli. Stimulus artifacts from a 200 s stimulus were fast and settled >90% in <1.5 ms. When responses could be elicited, differences in performa ...
... Both local bipolar stimuli and monopolar stimuli with a remote ground were used. The most reliable stimuli and fastest artifacts came from local bipolar stimuli. Stimulus artifacts from a 200 s stimulus were fast and settled >90% in <1.5 ms. When responses could be elicited, differences in performa ...
Self-organization and interareal networks™in™the™primate cortex
... terms of molecular prespecification but must also take into account the internal and external environmental factors that modulate organization as cortical development unfolds. The developing sensory apparatus produces environmental information from which the brain needs to extract behaviorally relev ...
... terms of molecular prespecification but must also take into account the internal and external environmental factors that modulate organization as cortical development unfolds. The developing sensory apparatus produces environmental information from which the brain needs to extract behaviorally relev ...
Cytoarchitecture of the canine perirhinal and postrhinal cortex
... have shown that the perirhinal cortex has numerous reciprocal connections with a number of cortical areas in the temporal, parietal, occipital and frontal cortex, both sensory and associative in function. Thus, it is a site of polymodal convergence where particular sensory systems can be introduced ...
... have shown that the perirhinal cortex has numerous reciprocal connections with a number of cortical areas in the temporal, parietal, occipital and frontal cortex, both sensory and associative in function. Thus, it is a site of polymodal convergence where particular sensory systems can be introduced ...
Gaze effects in the cerebral cortex: reference frames for
... reaching movement in space. The mechanism of the necessary coordinate transformation between the different frames of reference from the visual to the motor system as well as its localization within the cerebral cortex is still unclear. Coordinate transformation is traditionally described as a series ...
... reaching movement in space. The mechanism of the necessary coordinate transformation between the different frames of reference from the visual to the motor system as well as its localization within the cerebral cortex is still unclear. Coordinate transformation is traditionally described as a series ...
Visual Response Properties of Neurons in Four Extrastriate Visual
... these were excluded from the data analyses reported here. Assignment of units to extrastriate areas was based solely on receptive-field progressions and/or histological reconstructions, and all units that could be classified were included in the data analyses. The visual responses of extrastriate un ...
... these were excluded from the data analyses reported here. Assignment of units to extrastriate areas was based solely on receptive-field progressions and/or histological reconstructions, and all units that could be classified were included in the data analyses. The visual responses of extrastriate un ...
Inter-regional Contribution of Enhanced Activity of the Primary
... CNQX (1 mM, 1 l) was microinjected into the surface area of the S1 in CFA-injected mice. Injection of CNQX increased the pawwithdrawal threshold (Fig. 3a). In contrast, microinjection of CNQX at the same dose to the S1 did not affect the pawwithdrawal threshold in control mice (Fig. 3a) (see Materi ...
... CNQX (1 mM, 1 l) was microinjected into the surface area of the S1 in CFA-injected mice. Injection of CNQX increased the pawwithdrawal threshold (Fig. 3a). In contrast, microinjection of CNQX at the same dose to the S1 did not affect the pawwithdrawal threshold in control mice (Fig. 3a) (see Materi ...
State-dependent computations - Frankfurt Institute for Advanced
... general point can be intuitively understood by making an analogy between neural networks and a liquid20. A pebble thrown into a pond will create a spatiotemporal pattern of ripples, and the pattern produced by any subsequent pebbles will be a complex nonlinear function of the interaction of the stim ...
... general point can be intuitively understood by making an analogy between neural networks and a liquid20. A pebble thrown into a pond will create a spatiotemporal pattern of ripples, and the pattern produced by any subsequent pebbles will be a complex nonlinear function of the interaction of the stim ...
Comparative neuronal morphology of the
... cetartiodactyls (humpback whale, giraffe), and primates (human, common chimpanzee). Although there are many representative freehand and camera lucida drawings of cerebellar cortex neurons (Ramón y Cajal, 1909, 1911; Chan-Palay and Palay, 1970, 1972; Palay and ChanPalay, 1974; Braak and Braak, 1983; ...
... cetartiodactyls (humpback whale, giraffe), and primates (human, common chimpanzee). Although there are many representative freehand and camera lucida drawings of cerebellar cortex neurons (Ramón y Cajal, 1909, 1911; Chan-Palay and Palay, 1970, 1972; Palay and ChanPalay, 1974; Braak and Braak, 1983; ...
Differential roles of delay-period neural activity in the monkey
... preparatory-set cell; its discharge tends to increase as the time for an expected behavioral response of a WM task approaches. These two types of cells may participate in two complementary processes: Sensory-coupled cells hold information of stimuli, and preparatory-set cells prepare for action in r ...
... preparatory-set cell; its discharge tends to increase as the time for an expected behavioral response of a WM task approaches. These two types of cells may participate in two complementary processes: Sensory-coupled cells hold information of stimuli, and preparatory-set cells prepare for action in r ...
Ramón y Cajal, 19 th century
... Spine formation via filopodia-shaped spines (see arrow, top figure) precedes synapse formation. Spines in synapses are rather mushroom-shaped and carry receptor plates (active zones, red, top figure). Spines contact axonal terminals or axonal varicosities in reach and form synapses (left). Knott et ...
... Spine formation via filopodia-shaped spines (see arrow, top figure) precedes synapse formation. Spines in synapses are rather mushroom-shaped and carry receptor plates (active zones, red, top figure). Spines contact axonal terminals or axonal varicosities in reach and form synapses (left). Knott et ...
Chunking of Action Sequences in the Cortex
... The indirect pathway goes from the striatum to the external segment of globus pallidus (GPe), which in turn connects to the subthalamic nucleus (STN). Both these connections are inhibitory. From the STN strong excitatory connections go to both the GPi and the SNr, and they in turn inhibit the thalam ...
... The indirect pathway goes from the striatum to the external segment of globus pallidus (GPe), which in turn connects to the subthalamic nucleus (STN). Both these connections are inhibitory. From the STN strong excitatory connections go to both the GPi and the SNr, and they in turn inhibit the thalam ...
A Study on Various Sites of Supranuclear Facial Nerve
... the facial nerve lesion is supranuclear.With the help of CT Scan of brain most of the supranuclear varieties of the facial nerve lesion is found to be due to cerebrovascular accident as a result of haemorrhage or infarct.Among these haemorrhagic is most common and among location lentiform nucleus is ...
... the facial nerve lesion is supranuclear.With the help of CT Scan of brain most of the supranuclear varieties of the facial nerve lesion is found to be due to cerebrovascular accident as a result of haemorrhage or infarct.Among these haemorrhagic is most common and among location lentiform nucleus is ...
Canty, J Neurosci 2009 - Carlos Ibanez Lab @ KI
... are required for GABAergic interneuron migration or differentiation (Pozas and Ibáñez, 2005), suggesting that other transmembrane effectors may mediate the effects of GDNF on these cells. The early lethality of mice lacking GDNF or GFR␣1 prevented us from assessing the consequences of this loss fo ...
... are required for GABAergic interneuron migration or differentiation (Pozas and Ibáñez, 2005), suggesting that other transmembrane effectors may mediate the effects of GDNF on these cells. The early lethality of mice lacking GDNF or GFR␣1 prevented us from assessing the consequences of this loss fo ...
The Cognitive Neuroscience of Human Decision Making: A Review
... & London, 2000). Indeed, recent single-unit work in monkeys has demonstrated reward-sensitive neurons in a variety of other regions, including the sensory ...
... & London, 2000). Indeed, recent single-unit work in monkeys has demonstrated reward-sensitive neurons in a variety of other regions, including the sensory ...
Vdhjections InducedInto the Auditory Pathway of Ferrets. I
... response properties of AI. The present paper will deal with thalamic inputs, and a subsequent paper with cortical inputs (Pallas et al., in prep.). Additional sources of visual input to AI could be derived from stabilization of early exuberant projections, or from sprouting of novel connections. We ...
... response properties of AI. The present paper will deal with thalamic inputs, and a subsequent paper with cortical inputs (Pallas et al., in prep.). Additional sources of visual input to AI could be derived from stabilization of early exuberant projections, or from sprouting of novel connections. We ...
Corticothalamic feedback and sensory processing
... role in egocentric selection in the visual and somatosensory systems is an open question, however, results from recent work in the visual system may support the idea of egocentric selection [17]. Although this line of thinking is certainly speculative, it represents a novel means for viewing cortic ...
... role in egocentric selection in the visual and somatosensory systems is an open question, however, results from recent work in the visual system may support the idea of egocentric selection [17]. Although this line of thinking is certainly speculative, it represents a novel means for viewing cortic ...
How is the stimulus represented in the nervous system?
... neuron, with Fourier transforms that look like tuning curves, a comforting result. Young et al. 2005, Carney and Yin 1988 ...
... neuron, with Fourier transforms that look like tuning curves, a comforting result. Young et al. 2005, Carney and Yin 1988 ...
Cortical and subcortical afferents to the nucleus reticularis tegmenti
... tegmenti pontis (NRTP) and basal pontine nuclei. Projections from the middle temporal visual area (MT), medial superior temporal visual area (MST), lateral intraparietal area (LIP), and areas 7a and 7b to the basal pontine nuclei were studied using 3 H-leucine autoradiography. The results complement ...
... tegmenti pontis (NRTP) and basal pontine nuclei. Projections from the middle temporal visual area (MT), medial superior temporal visual area (MST), lateral intraparietal area (LIP), and areas 7a and 7b to the basal pontine nuclei were studied using 3 H-leucine autoradiography. The results complement ...
Basal Ganglia
... ansa lenticularis and the lenticular fasciculus. Knowing that this circuitry affects the ipsilateral motor cortex, via the motor thalamus, is one of the most important concepts in this course. However, as you might expect, there are some additional details, which play a role in our understanding of ...
... ansa lenticularis and the lenticular fasciculus. Knowing that this circuitry affects the ipsilateral motor cortex, via the motor thalamus, is one of the most important concepts in this course. However, as you might expect, there are some additional details, which play a role in our understanding of ...
notes as
... should go to good new-fashioned Artificial Intelligence at MIT. • At the same time as this attack, NSA was funding secret work on learning hidden Markov models which turned out to be much better than heuristic AI methods at recognizing speech. ...
... should go to good new-fashioned Artificial Intelligence at MIT. • At the same time as this attack, NSA was funding secret work on learning hidden Markov models which turned out to be much better than heuristic AI methods at recognizing speech. ...
Recounting the impact of Hubel and Wiesel
... lack of knowledge about the neuronal processing beyond the retina that might underlie that perception. Possibly the largest group specifically interested in perception were psychologists who had accumulated a large number of observations about behaviour, many of whom were searching for an understand ...
... lack of knowledge about the neuronal processing beyond the retina that might underlie that perception. Possibly the largest group specifically interested in perception were psychologists who had accumulated a large number of observations about behaviour, many of whom were searching for an understand ...
INFORMATION PROCESSING WITH POPULATION CODES
... concerns how information is encoded by the neural architecture of the brain. What are the units of computation and how is information represented at the neural level? An important part of the answers to these questions is that individual elements of information are encoded not by single cells, but r ...
... concerns how information is encoded by the neural architecture of the brain. What are the units of computation and how is information represented at the neural level? An important part of the answers to these questions is that individual elements of information are encoded not by single cells, but r ...
Chapter 12 PowerPoint - Hillsborough Community College
... Clinical – Homeostatic Imbalance 12.1 • Muscle strength or ability to perform discrete individual movements is not impaired; only control over movements is lost – Example: damage to premotor area controlling movement of fingers would still allow fingers to move, but voluntary control needed to type ...
... Clinical – Homeostatic Imbalance 12.1 • Muscle strength or ability to perform discrete individual movements is not impaired; only control over movements is lost – Example: damage to premotor area controlling movement of fingers would still allow fingers to move, but voluntary control needed to type ...
FIGURE LEGENDS FIGURE 39.1 Locomotor activity rhythm of a
... starting on day 14), the animal continues to show rhythmicity but with a cycle length slightly less than 24 hours. This record reveals two defining principles of circadian rhythms: (1) circadian rhythmicity is intrinsic, rather than being generated in response to environmental variation, and (2) the ...
... starting on day 14), the animal continues to show rhythmicity but with a cycle length slightly less than 24 hours. This record reveals two defining principles of circadian rhythms: (1) circadian rhythmicity is intrinsic, rather than being generated in response to environmental variation, and (2) the ...