Behavioral Detectability of Single-Cell Stimulation in the Ventral
... Analysis. We restricted the analysis of behavioral responses to those single-cell stimulation and catch trials in which animals were considered attentive, as judged by their performance in microstimulation trials. Specifically, singlecell stimulation trials and catch trials were included if the anim ...
... Analysis. We restricted the analysis of behavioral responses to those single-cell stimulation and catch trials in which animals were considered attentive, as judged by their performance in microstimulation trials. Specifically, singlecell stimulation trials and catch trials were included if the anim ...
Spike-Timing-Dependent Hebbian Plasticity as
... per bound on the synaptic strength, as suggested by Abbott and Song (1999) and Gerstner et al. (1996). In this case, although the TD error remains positive, the synaptic conductance remains clamped at the upper bound value, and only a single spike is elicited (see Figure 3C). The use of an upper bou ...
... per bound on the synaptic strength, as suggested by Abbott and Song (1999) and Gerstner et al. (1996). In this case, although the TD error remains positive, the synaptic conductance remains clamped at the upper bound value, and only a single spike is elicited (see Figure 3C). The use of an upper bou ...
Large-Scale Functional Connectivity in Associative Learning
... the extralemniscal component, were stronger for group TL 0 . Altered converging effects on auditory cortex (AC) from the two parallel paths were noted from the ventral division of medial geniculate (MGV), which is considered a lemniscal structure, and the medial division of the medial geniculate nuc ...
... the extralemniscal component, were stronger for group TL 0 . Altered converging effects on auditory cortex (AC) from the two parallel paths were noted from the ventral division of medial geniculate (MGV), which is considered a lemniscal structure, and the medial division of the medial geniculate nuc ...
Pathways for emotions and memory prefrontal cortices in the rhesus monkey
... and Barbas, 1994). In case AF, anterograde label in AM was seen at the dorsomedial part at the central and caudal extent of the nucleus (Fig. 3, top, A–D, case AF). The labeled axonal terminals were clustered in several patches. Projections from the cortex were more widely distributed than the label ...
... and Barbas, 1994). In case AF, anterograde label in AM was seen at the dorsomedial part at the central and caudal extent of the nucleus (Fig. 3, top, A–D, case AF). The labeled axonal terminals were clustered in several patches. Projections from the cortex were more widely distributed than the label ...
Continuous transformation learning of translation
... CT-based learning we describe here can be powerful, for it relies on spatial overlap between stimuli in small regions of the input space, but given training exemplars throughout the space enables transforms in quite distant parts of the continuous input space to be associated together onto the same ...
... CT-based learning we describe here can be powerful, for it relies on spatial overlap between stimuli in small regions of the input space, but given training exemplars throughout the space enables transforms in quite distant parts of the continuous input space to be associated together onto the same ...
Appetitive and aversive olfactory learning induce similar
... stimulus (CS) with an unconditioned (biologically relevant) stimulus (US) (Pavlov 1927). The main learning protocols established for harnessed bees are Pavlovian. The most traditional one is the appetitive olfactory conditioning of the proboscis extension response (PER, Takeda 1961; Bitterman et al. ...
... stimulus (CS) with an unconditioned (biologically relevant) stimulus (US) (Pavlov 1927). The main learning protocols established for harnessed bees are Pavlovian. The most traditional one is the appetitive olfactory conditioning of the proboscis extension response (PER, Takeda 1961; Bitterman et al. ...
... affect. In the next study we want to add the verbal dimension and investigate how humans perceive the emotions transmitted by a talking face. In a face-to-face communication verbal and non-verbal features transmitting emotional meaning build a complex multidimensional stimulus construct. In our thir ...
Save
... Broca,Werniche,Kussmaul) , can be identified with the consciousness formation that can be interpreted as a sort of constant,continous and simultaneous low-noise effect. When the cortex receives sufficient afferent impulses, it is said to be aroused or activated. That is, a critical number of cortica ...
... Broca,Werniche,Kussmaul) , can be identified with the consciousness formation that can be interpreted as a sort of constant,continous and simultaneous low-noise effect. When the cortex receives sufficient afferent impulses, it is said to be aroused or activated. That is, a critical number of cortica ...
Embryological origin for autism
... in autistic cases can be either large or small is reasonable from an embryological standpoint, because injuries to the developing brain are sometimes followed by rebounds of neurogenesis (e.g., Andreoli et al., 1973; Bohn and Lauder, 1978; Bohn, 1980), and it is possible that such rebounds could ove ...
... in autistic cases can be either large or small is reasonable from an embryological standpoint, because injuries to the developing brain are sometimes followed by rebounds of neurogenesis (e.g., Andreoli et al., 1973; Bohn and Lauder, 1978; Bohn, 1980), and it is possible that such rebounds could ove ...
Tsodyks-Banbury-2006
... Open questions: How do precise spike patterns emerge in the cortex? How can they be robust in the presence of random firing of surrounding neurons? (Synfire chains? – I don’t like it!) What is the relation between the spike patterns and the stimuli that they are coding for? How can the information ...
... Open questions: How do precise spike patterns emerge in the cortex? How can they be robust in the presence of random firing of surrounding neurons? (Synfire chains? – I don’t like it!) What is the relation between the spike patterns and the stimuli that they are coding for? How can the information ...
Evolutionary roots offreedom
... edge and memory. Naturally, they deal as well with the neural transactions between the organism and the environment that depend on those functions. In the human brain, there are two separate cortical regions with areas of association. One is in the posterior part of the brain, extending over large p ...
... edge and memory. Naturally, they deal as well with the neural transactions between the organism and the environment that depend on those functions. In the human brain, there are two separate cortical regions with areas of association. One is in the posterior part of the brain, extending over large p ...
Learning pattern recognition and decision making in the insect brain
... of projection neurons (PNs), which are excitatory, and lateral neurons (LNs), which are mostly inhibitory. The PNs and the LNs connect to each other via the glomeruli. The glomeruli structure induces a bipartite graph of connections that contrasts to the standard directed Bernoulli-induced graphs ty ...
... of projection neurons (PNs), which are excitatory, and lateral neurons (LNs), which are mostly inhibitory. The PNs and the LNs connect to each other via the glomeruli. The glomeruli structure induces a bipartite graph of connections that contrasts to the standard directed Bernoulli-induced graphs ty ...
Thalamocortical projection from the ventral posteromedial nucleus
... dense plexus in layers IV and VI. Most of these fibers extended vertically in the columns and were highly branched (indicated by arrows in Fig. 1B). Different types of axon were also present. They entered SI distant from target sites, extended toward the brain surface, then sharply turned toward the ...
... dense plexus in layers IV and VI. Most of these fibers extended vertically in the columns and were highly branched (indicated by arrows in Fig. 1B). Different types of axon were also present. They entered SI distant from target sites, extended toward the brain surface, then sharply turned toward the ...
... sites of the multiple gene promoter region and enhances transcriptional activation of these genes (Kaczmarek, 1993; Morgan & Curran, 1991; Sheng & Greenberg, 1990; Struhl, 1991). An increase in c-fos proto-oncogene is one of the earliest transcriptional events to follow neuronal activation. In the l ...
Overlapping representation of primary tastes in a defined
... to bregma to 1.5 mm posterior to bregma (Figure 1E). We also found consistent tasteevoked (QHCl) c-fos labeling in regions containing labeled thalamic fibers, further demonstrating the labeled area is GC (Figure 1G). As previous imaging studies focused on an anatomically defined region of GC delinea ...
... to bregma to 1.5 mm posterior to bregma (Figure 1E). We also found consistent tasteevoked (QHCl) c-fos labeling in regions containing labeled thalamic fibers, further demonstrating the labeled area is GC (Figure 1G). As previous imaging studies focused on an anatomically defined region of GC delinea ...
ORGANIZATION OF CORTICAL AFFERENTS TO THE FRONTAL
... known to be precisely and topographically connected with this cortex (65). Since MD afferents were determined, it seems justifiable to distinguish within FAC two principal regions, namely the dorsolateral and medioventral. The dorsolateral FAC region is via the lateral MD segment predominantly relat ...
... known to be precisely and topographically connected with this cortex (65). Since MD afferents were determined, it seems justifiable to distinguish within FAC two principal regions, namely the dorsolateral and medioventral. The dorsolateral FAC region is via the lateral MD segment predominantly relat ...
Visual Field Defects - Northwestern Medical Review
... Note: As general rule lesions that are located farther away from the lateral geniculate bodies and closer to the visual cortex are presented with a more prominent macular sparring. 32. Northwestern Medical Review, Bare Minimum Review Series, 2012 ...
... Note: As general rule lesions that are located farther away from the lateral geniculate bodies and closer to the visual cortex are presented with a more prominent macular sparring. 32. Northwestern Medical Review, Bare Minimum Review Series, 2012 ...
Basal Ganglia
... BG is especially involved in determining what motor programs are selected and called into action. This occurs through BG regulation of VA thalamic projections to area 6 (pre-motor cortex). BG output to VA provides a critical “go” signal for initiation of motor programs stored in the premotor corte ...
... BG is especially involved in determining what motor programs are selected and called into action. This occurs through BG regulation of VA thalamic projections to area 6 (pre-motor cortex). BG output to VA provides a critical “go” signal for initiation of motor programs stored in the premotor corte ...
Arousal Systems
... unimpaired fashion with the examiner, but soon fell asleep if not continuously stimulated. • When they died, they were found to have lesions involving the reticular formation of the midbrain at the junction with the diencephalon. ...
... unimpaired fashion with the examiner, but soon fell asleep if not continuously stimulated. • When they died, they were found to have lesions involving the reticular formation of the midbrain at the junction with the diencephalon. ...
06-pons + midbrain
... by stroke,tumour or multiple sclerosis causes : 1-epsilateral cranial nerve dysfunction + contralateral spastic hemiparesis. 2-hyperreflexia & an extensor plantar response (upper motor neurone lesion). 3-contalateral hemisensory loss. 4-ipsilateral incoordination. 5-it can affect eye movements throu ...
... by stroke,tumour or multiple sclerosis causes : 1-epsilateral cranial nerve dysfunction + contralateral spastic hemiparesis. 2-hyperreflexia & an extensor plantar response (upper motor neurone lesion). 3-contalateral hemisensory loss. 4-ipsilateral incoordination. 5-it can affect eye movements throu ...
Transcripts/2_9 2
... VII. Mechanoreceptor distribution in hairy and glabrous skin [S13] a. Hairy skin on the left (will not discuss), smooth or glabrous skin on the right b. Some of these receptors are superficial in the skin and others are deeper in the skin i. The two of the four receptors that are superficial in the ...
... VII. Mechanoreceptor distribution in hairy and glabrous skin [S13] a. Hairy skin on the left (will not discuss), smooth or glabrous skin on the right b. Some of these receptors are superficial in the skin and others are deeper in the skin i. The two of the four receptors that are superficial in the ...
Oculomotor System
... When the visual scene is moving (eg. riding on a train) to maintain fixation on an object (following telephone poles) produces oscillating eye movements which consist of a slow component that follows the object and then a fast component where eyes snap back to look at the next pole, ie. eye movement ...
... When the visual scene is moving (eg. riding on a train) to maintain fixation on an object (following telephone poles) produces oscillating eye movements which consist of a slow component that follows the object and then a fast component where eyes snap back to look at the next pole, ie. eye movement ...
2-2
... • The network model postulates the memory and knowledge are represented by distributed, interactive, and overlapping networks of neurons in association cortex. Such networks are cognits. • They constitute the basic units of memory or knowledge. The association cortex of post-rolandic region contains ...
... • The network model postulates the memory and knowledge are represented by distributed, interactive, and overlapping networks of neurons in association cortex. Such networks are cognits. • They constitute the basic units of memory or knowledge. The association cortex of post-rolandic region contains ...
TRIGEMINAL NUCLEUS - eCurriculum
... Cell bodies of the primary afferents are located outside of the central nervous system (in the dorsal root ganglion for body information and in the Trigeminal ganglion for head information). ...
... Cell bodies of the primary afferents are located outside of the central nervous system (in the dorsal root ganglion for body information and in the Trigeminal ganglion for head information). ...
Neuroscience 1b – Spinal Cord Dysfunction
... via the ventral roots and spinal nerves. White matter: contains shorter axons which connect the different segments of the spinal cord, and longer pathways which run to and from the brain. Nerve is the nerve fibre coming from a single cell body The root, ventral or dorsal is the nerve root in which a ...
... via the ventral roots and spinal nerves. White matter: contains shorter axons which connect the different segments of the spinal cord, and longer pathways which run to and from the brain. Nerve is the nerve fibre coming from a single cell body The root, ventral or dorsal is the nerve root in which a ...