Computational cognitive neuroscience: 10. Prefrontal Cortex (PFC)
... are NMDA and metabotropic glutamate (mGluR) receptors that, once opened by high frequency activity, provide a longer time window of increased excitability so as to keep reverberant activity going. • Recall from the Learning Chapter that the NMDA channel requires the neuron to be sufficiently depolar ...
... are NMDA and metabotropic glutamate (mGluR) receptors that, once opened by high frequency activity, provide a longer time window of increased excitability so as to keep reverberant activity going. • Recall from the Learning Chapter that the NMDA channel requires the neuron to be sufficiently depolar ...
PAVLOVIAN CONDITIONING - Department of Psychology
... Pavlovian conditioning is one of the oldest and most extensively studied learning paradigms. The paradigm basically involves two stimuli. The unconditioned stimulus (US) elicits vigorous responding without any special prior training, or unconditionally. Because of that, the US originally was labeled ...
... Pavlovian conditioning is one of the oldest and most extensively studied learning paradigms. The paradigm basically involves two stimuli. The unconditioned stimulus (US) elicits vigorous responding without any special prior training, or unconditionally. Because of that, the US originally was labeled ...
Representation of the Visual Field in the Human Occipital Cortex
... Consecutive patients with visual field defects and occipital lobe lesions seen in the neuro-ophthalmology clinic at The Toronto Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, were screened using the central 30-2 threshold program of the Humphrey Field Analyzer (Allergan-Humphrey Instruments, San Leandro, Calif). Patie ...
... Consecutive patients with visual field defects and occipital lobe lesions seen in the neuro-ophthalmology clinic at The Toronto Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, were screened using the central 30-2 threshold program of the Humphrey Field Analyzer (Allergan-Humphrey Instruments, San Leandro, Calif). Patie ...
PAV LOVIAN CONDITIONING AFunctional Perspe ctive
... Pavlovian conditioning is one of the oldest and most extensively studied learning paradigms. The paradigm basically involves two stimuli. The unconditioned stimulus (US) elicits vigorous responding without any special prior training, or unconditionally. Because of that, the US originally was labeled ...
... Pavlovian conditioning is one of the oldest and most extensively studied learning paradigms. The paradigm basically involves two stimuli. The unconditioned stimulus (US) elicits vigorous responding without any special prior training, or unconditionally. Because of that, the US originally was labeled ...
Pupilllary Light Reflex Pathways
... The oculosympathetic pathway to the globe, orbit, and adnexal structures takes a long and convoluted course, and is therefore denervation (Horner syndrome) is associated with lesions in a variety of anatomic sites along this pathway. First order neurons arise in the hypothalamus and course down the ...
... The oculosympathetic pathway to the globe, orbit, and adnexal structures takes a long and convoluted course, and is therefore denervation (Horner syndrome) is associated with lesions in a variety of anatomic sites along this pathway. First order neurons arise in the hypothalamus and course down the ...
PMD 14. Neurophys I
... - I, II & III, perform communication with other cortical areas; granular and pyramidal cells - I & II receive facilitatory signals from brainstem (probably reticular areas); I sends signals to somatosensory association area - II & III communicate with adjacent cortical areas & with contralateral hem ...
... - I, II & III, perform communication with other cortical areas; granular and pyramidal cells - I & II receive facilitatory signals from brainstem (probably reticular areas); I sends signals to somatosensory association area - II & III communicate with adjacent cortical areas & with contralateral hem ...
Control of movement direction - Cognitive Science Research Group
... Further studies of the cortical encoding of motion direction suggest that directional information can also be contained in the synchronous activity of the motor neurons (Hatsopoulos et al., 1998). Hatsopoulos and colleagues have shown that significant synchrony between directionally tuned neurons oc ...
... Further studies of the cortical encoding of motion direction suggest that directional information can also be contained in the synchronous activity of the motor neurons (Hatsopoulos et al., 1998). Hatsopoulos and colleagues have shown that significant synchrony between directionally tuned neurons oc ...
Learning
... resulting change in behaviour is a consequence of experience (learning) or of growth (maturation). Short-term changes in performance, the key measure of learning, can also result from fatigue, lack of effort, and other factors that are not reflections of learning. According to some, learning can onl ...
... resulting change in behaviour is a consequence of experience (learning) or of growth (maturation). Short-term changes in performance, the key measure of learning, can also result from fatigue, lack of effort, and other factors that are not reflections of learning. According to some, learning can onl ...
Letter to Neuroscience
... change in patterns of activity from control to theta conditions (top traces of Fig. 3B). This is illustrated by the absence of peaks in the auto and crosscorrelograms as well as by the lack of coherence between unit-EEG signals at theta frequency (left to right lower traces of Fig. 3B). Figure 4 sch ...
... change in patterns of activity from control to theta conditions (top traces of Fig. 3B). This is illustrated by the absence of peaks in the auto and crosscorrelograms as well as by the lack of coherence between unit-EEG signals at theta frequency (left to right lower traces of Fig. 3B). Figure 4 sch ...
Computational models of reinforcement learning
... most models, the output of this function is computed as the Temporal Difference (TD) error between estimated and actual rewards. (3) A policy function (also known as actor) which maps the agent states to possible actions, using the output of the value function (the reinforcement signal) to determine ...
... most models, the output of this function is computed as the Temporal Difference (TD) error between estimated and actual rewards. (3) A policy function (also known as actor) which maps the agent states to possible actions, using the output of the value function (the reinforcement signal) to determine ...
GENERAL CONCLUSIONS
... inhibitory phases. Inhibitory responses occurred as either a calcium-concentration decrease during stimulus application or as a rebound calcium increase after stimulus offset (i.e. offresponse) due to the release from inhibition. The response polarity differed for PNs depending on both the glomerulu ...
... inhibitory phases. Inhibitory responses occurred as either a calcium-concentration decrease during stimulus application or as a rebound calcium increase after stimulus offset (i.e. offresponse) due to the release from inhibition. The response polarity differed for PNs depending on both the glomerulu ...
The dual-pathway model of auditory signal
... blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) signal in bilateral posterior temporal areas, inferior and superior parietal cortices compared with the pitch judgment. This study provides the direct evidence that the neural systems involved in identifying and localizing auditory objects are functionally and neu ...
... blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) signal in bilateral posterior temporal areas, inferior and superior parietal cortices compared with the pitch judgment. This study provides the direct evidence that the neural systems involved in identifying and localizing auditory objects are functionally and neu ...
A Cholinergic Mechanism for Reward Timing within Primary Visual Cortex Please share
... Functionally, ACh contributes to plasticity in V1 (Bear and Singer, 1986; Gu and Singer, 1993) for reviews see (Gu, 2003; Origlia et al., 2008) and is involved in the alteration of tuning properties and map organization in other areas of cortex (Conner et al., 2003; Froemke et al., 2007; Kilgard and ...
... Functionally, ACh contributes to plasticity in V1 (Bear and Singer, 1986; Gu and Singer, 1993) for reviews see (Gu, 2003; Origlia et al., 2008) and is involved in the alteration of tuning properties and map organization in other areas of cortex (Conner et al., 2003; Froemke et al., 2007; Kilgard and ...
Plasticity in gray and white: neuroimaging changes in brain structure
... Volumetry based on T1-weighted MRI was among the first techniques developed; it can work well with certain well defined structures (for example, Heschl’s gyrus, hippocampus), but delineating anatomical borders can often prove difficult, and analysis is limited to a predefined region. Voxel-based mor ...
... Volumetry based on T1-weighted MRI was among the first techniques developed; it can work well with certain well defined structures (for example, Heschl’s gyrus, hippocampus), but delineating anatomical borders can often prove difficult, and analysis is limited to a predefined region. Voxel-based mor ...
Canonical Microcircuits for Predictive Coding
... neuron from which they recorded. By recording from pyramidal neurons in L2–L6 (L1 lacks pyramidal cells), the authors mapped the excitatory influence that each layer exerts over the others. They found that the L2/3 to L5A/B was the strongest connection, accounting for one-third of the total synaptic ...
... neuron from which they recorded. By recording from pyramidal neurons in L2–L6 (L1 lacks pyramidal cells), the authors mapped the excitatory influence that each layer exerts over the others. They found that the L2/3 to L5A/B was the strongest connection, accounting for one-third of the total synaptic ...
Modelling fast stimulus-response association learning along the
... To implement Hebbian learning a synaptic learning rule is required. A large number of experimental data show that synaptic efficacy changes are guided by the timing of pre- and post-synaptic spikes and by the potential of the postsynaptic membrane (see e.g Sjöström et al., 2001). Typically, for a sy ...
... To implement Hebbian learning a synaptic learning rule is required. A large number of experimental data show that synaptic efficacy changes are guided by the timing of pre- and post-synaptic spikes and by the potential of the postsynaptic membrane (see e.g Sjöström et al., 2001). Typically, for a sy ...
view pdf - Columbia University
... RALPH L. HOLLOWAY Deprrrtmrnt of Anthropology, Colttinbin University, ...
... RALPH L. HOLLOWAY Deprrrtmrnt of Anthropology, Colttinbin University, ...
PDF
... contained labeled neurons. Image processing software (Adobe Photoshop v5.0) then was used to build montages, to draw the boundaries of gray and white matter, and to plot the position of each labeled cell. The distribution of labeled cells within a series of coronal sections was replotted so that it ...
... contained labeled neurons. Image processing software (Adobe Photoshop v5.0) then was used to build montages, to draw the boundaries of gray and white matter, and to plot the position of each labeled cell. The distribution of labeled cells within a series of coronal sections was replotted so that it ...
the premotor cortex of the monkey
... followed by one of eight randomly determined “intertrial intervals” (0.8 to 2.4 set) during which the monkey was required to continue depressing the key (parts 1 and 4, Fig. 1). This cycle was repeated 40 to 150 times for each single unit accepted for analysis. The second task studied in the first m ...
... followed by one of eight randomly determined “intertrial intervals” (0.8 to 2.4 set) during which the monkey was required to continue depressing the key (parts 1 and 4, Fig. 1). This cycle was repeated 40 to 150 times for each single unit accepted for analysis. The second task studied in the first m ...
Drivers and modulators from push-pull and balanced synaptic input
... where this variable input causes fluctuations in the membrane potential. The magnitude of these fluctuations is characterized by their standard deviation denoted by " V. It is well-known that such fluctuations ‘‘soften’’ the threshold present in Eq. 1. In other words, when its membrane potential flu ...
... where this variable input causes fluctuations in the membrane potential. The magnitude of these fluctuations is characterized by their standard deviation denoted by " V. It is well-known that such fluctuations ‘‘soften’’ the threshold present in Eq. 1. In other words, when its membrane potential flu ...
new insights into the functions of the superior temporal cortex
... Reduced orienting to contralaterally presented visual stimuli has been found in two monkeys after unilateral left- or right-sided lesions of the dorsal bank and depth of the STS1 (FIG. 1b and c). Watson et al.2 compared the effects of ablating the inferior parietal lobule (Brodmann area 7) or portio ...
... Reduced orienting to contralaterally presented visual stimuli has been found in two monkeys after unilateral left- or right-sided lesions of the dorsal bank and depth of the STS1 (FIG. 1b and c). Watson et al.2 compared the effects of ablating the inferior parietal lobule (Brodmann area 7) or portio ...
The Ventrolateral Hypothalamic Area and the Parvafox Nucleus
... in the expression of emotions. To this end, we will draw on data that concern the parvafox as an entry point. We will avoid referring to the MCH- and the hypocretin/orexin-expressing neurons of the dorsal LHA, which have been the subject of recent reviews (see, e.g., Croizier et al., 2013; Giardino ...
... in the expression of emotions. To this end, we will draw on data that concern the parvafox as an entry point. We will avoid referring to the MCH- and the hypocretin/orexin-expressing neurons of the dorsal LHA, which have been the subject of recent reviews (see, e.g., Croizier et al., 2013; Giardino ...
Transcripts/2_4 1
... v. Q: What about if there is a lesion just on the left hemi-retina on the right eye? vi. A: Then you just lose half a retina. vii. Q: Wouldn’t you still be able to see the image because the left hemi-retina on the left eye is seeing the same thing? viii. A: Yes. This is like the physiological blinds ...
... v. Q: What about if there is a lesion just on the left hemi-retina on the right eye? vi. A: Then you just lose half a retina. vii. Q: Wouldn’t you still be able to see the image because the left hemi-retina on the left eye is seeing the same thing? viii. A: Yes. This is like the physiological blinds ...
Latest Findings in the Mechanisms of Cortical `Arousal`: `Enabling
... It has been traditional to consider both REM and waking states to be states of consciousness in the phenomenal sense of having conscious experiences; but to bestow that title to only waking states in the medical sense of being conscious of ones surroundings. While REM and waking states share some co ...
... It has been traditional to consider both REM and waking states to be states of consciousness in the phenomenal sense of having conscious experiences; but to bestow that title to only waking states in the medical sense of being conscious of ones surroundings. While REM and waking states share some co ...
Connections Between the Retrosplenial Cortex and the
... Nissl preparations that distinguishes it from the adjacent cortical areas (Fig. 1). Laterally and rostrally Rdg is bordered by lateral agranular (motor) cortex (Donoghue and Wise, 1982) and caudally and laterally Rdg is bounded by area 18b (Fig. 1); the border between Rdg and area 18b is characteriz ...
... Nissl preparations that distinguishes it from the adjacent cortical areas (Fig. 1). Laterally and rostrally Rdg is bordered by lateral agranular (motor) cortex (Donoghue and Wise, 1982) and caudally and laterally Rdg is bounded by area 18b (Fig. 1); the border between Rdg and area 18b is characteriz ...