Temporal integration in Pavlovian appetitive conditioning in rats
... led to the formulation of the temporal coding hypothesis (Savastano & Miller, 1998). The temporal coding hypothesis has four tenets: (1) Contiguity alone is necessary and sufficient for the formation of an association. (2) The temporal relationship between the associated events is automatically enco ...
... led to the formulation of the temporal coding hypothesis (Savastano & Miller, 1998). The temporal coding hypothesis has four tenets: (1) Contiguity alone is necessary and sufficient for the formation of an association. (2) The temporal relationship between the associated events is automatically enco ...
What Can an Orbitofrontal Cortex- Endowed Animal
... learning, experience, and context play important roles in human olfactory perception. Such data suggest that a given set of olfactory receptors activated by an odorant does not map directly onto a given odor percept. Rather, odor perception may rely on more synthetic, or integrative, mechanisms subs ...
... learning, experience, and context play important roles in human olfactory perception. Such data suggest that a given set of olfactory receptors activated by an odorant does not map directly onto a given odor percept. Rather, odor perception may rely on more synthetic, or integrative, mechanisms subs ...
Multisensory anatomical pathways - Centre de Recherche Cerveau
... about a third of the auditory projections originate from the anterior bank of the lateral sulcus, but only a small fraction of these projecting neurons are located in the primary auditory cortex. Such results are similar to those observed in the cat (Hall and Lomber, 2008), in which the direct conne ...
... about a third of the auditory projections originate from the anterior bank of the lateral sulcus, but only a small fraction of these projecting neurons are located in the primary auditory cortex. Such results are similar to those observed in the cat (Hall and Lomber, 2008), in which the direct conne ...
Cerebral Glucose Metabolism in Obsessive
... Electrical stimulation and lesioning studies also show that the anterior cingulate gyrus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, and the septum play mediation roles of hoarding in rodents. Drugs also affect hoarding symptoms. ...
... Electrical stimulation and lesioning studies also show that the anterior cingulate gyrus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, and the septum play mediation roles of hoarding in rodents. Drugs also affect hoarding symptoms. ...
Cranial nerves (L15)
... -SVE motor innervation goes to mm which arise from the embryological structures known as pharyngeal (brachial) arches (from motor nucleus of V) -each division exits the cranial vault thru a different foramen -primarily GSA arises from largest of the brainstem ganglia – from near superior colliculus ...
... -SVE motor innervation goes to mm which arise from the embryological structures known as pharyngeal (brachial) arches (from motor nucleus of V) -each division exits the cranial vault thru a different foramen -primarily GSA arises from largest of the brainstem ganglia – from near superior colliculus ...
Functional Organization of Ferret Auditory Cortex
... width and area. We also inspected inter-spike-interval (ISI) histograms and only cases for which the ISI revealed a clear refractory period were classed as single units. For a minority of recordings, we were unable to demonstrate a refractory period and, in these cases, the unit was classified as a ‘ ...
... width and area. We also inspected inter-spike-interval (ISI) histograms and only cases for which the ISI revealed a clear refractory period were classed as single units. For a minority of recordings, we were unable to demonstrate a refractory period and, in these cases, the unit was classified as a ‘ ...
CNS Distribution of Members of the Two-Pore
... Two-pore-domain potassium (K ⫹) channels are substrates for resting K ⫹ currents in neurons. They are major targets for endogenous modulators, as well as for clinically important compounds such as volatile anesthetics. In the current study, we report on the CNS distribution in the rat and mouse of m ...
... Two-pore-domain potassium (K ⫹) channels are substrates for resting K ⫹ currents in neurons. They are major targets for endogenous modulators, as well as for clinically important compounds such as volatile anesthetics. In the current study, we report on the CNS distribution in the rat and mouse of m ...
12 - Dr. Jerry Cronin
... – Part of primitive rhinencephalon, along with olfactory bulbs and tracts – Remainder of rhinencephalon in humans part of limbic system – Region of conscious awareness of odors ...
... – Part of primitive rhinencephalon, along with olfactory bulbs and tracts – Remainder of rhinencephalon in humans part of limbic system – Region of conscious awareness of odors ...
Predictability Modulates Human Brain Response to Reward
... variety of applications, including complex learning tasks such as backgammon (Sutton, 1988; Tesauro and Sejnowski, 1989), as well as successf ully predicting the activity of dopamine neurons in numerous conditioning paradigms (Houk et al., 1995; Montague et al., 1995) and motor sequencing tasks (Ber ...
... variety of applications, including complex learning tasks such as backgammon (Sutton, 1988; Tesauro and Sejnowski, 1989), as well as successf ully predicting the activity of dopamine neurons in numerous conditioning paradigms (Houk et al., 1995; Montague et al., 1995) and motor sequencing tasks (Ber ...
The Role of Cognition in Classical and Operant Conditioning
... “Hypothesis” Experiments. Krech and Crutchfield (1948) defined learning as a “reorganization of the cognitive field” (p. 112). Tolman (1948) credited Krechecsky (Krechevsky, 1932) with designing experiments suggesting that rats develop systematic choices or hypotheses in progressing down difficult m ...
... “Hypothesis” Experiments. Krech and Crutchfield (1948) defined learning as a “reorganization of the cognitive field” (p. 112). Tolman (1948) credited Krechecsky (Krechevsky, 1932) with designing experiments suggesting that rats develop systematic choices or hypotheses in progressing down difficult m ...
lateral horns of gray matter
... • Lowest part of the brainstem • Part of the brain that attaches to spinal cord; located just above the foramen magnum • A few centimeters in length and separated from the pons above by a horizontal groove • Composed of white matter and a network of gray and white matter called the reticular formati ...
... • Lowest part of the brainstem • Part of the brain that attaches to spinal cord; located just above the foramen magnum • A few centimeters in length and separated from the pons above by a horizontal groove • Composed of white matter and a network of gray and white matter called the reticular formati ...
Neurochemistry of Dementias
... - D4 variants not linked to disease (except ADHD, 7x repeats) - D4 variants not associated with clinical response -defective gene ~2% population → low sensitivity to dopamine and clozapine ...
... - D4 variants not linked to disease (except ADHD, 7x repeats) - D4 variants not associated with clinical response -defective gene ~2% population → low sensitivity to dopamine and clozapine ...
hypothalamic neuroanatomy and limbic inputs
... Together, the lateral hypothalamus, dorsomedial nucleus (DMN), ventromedial nucleus (VMN), and parvocellular region of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) exert regulatory control over feeding, body weight, and activity rhythms.[10] In experimental animals (e.g., rats and cats) lesions of the VMN stim ...
... Together, the lateral hypothalamus, dorsomedial nucleus (DMN), ventromedial nucleus (VMN), and parvocellular region of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) exert regulatory control over feeding, body weight, and activity rhythms.[10] In experimental animals (e.g., rats and cats) lesions of the VMN stim ...
the Central Nervous System
... A. Basal nuclei (basal ganglia) - involved in motor control 1. group of nuclei deep within the cerebral white matter a. caudate nucleus—arches over thalamus b. putamen c. globus pallidus 2. cooperate with the cerebral cortex in controlling movement 3. start, stop, and regulate intensity of voluntary ...
... A. Basal nuclei (basal ganglia) - involved in motor control 1. group of nuclei deep within the cerebral white matter a. caudate nucleus—arches over thalamus b. putamen c. globus pallidus 2. cooperate with the cerebral cortex in controlling movement 3. start, stop, and regulate intensity of voluntary ...
Document
... our aim was to examine the rapid adaptation of responses under the guidance of error feedback. The monkeys could solve up to 60 sequences during a single recording session. Behavioral data obtained during the recording sessions indicate that they conducted a methodical search for the correct solutio ...
... our aim was to examine the rapid adaptation of responses under the guidance of error feedback. The monkeys could solve up to 60 sequences during a single recording session. Behavioral data obtained during the recording sessions indicate that they conducted a methodical search for the correct solutio ...
Behavioral and Neural Properties of Social Reinforcement Learning
... 2007). To determine whether reinforcement outcome influenced response latencies on the subsequent trial, we compared reaction times from trials when the participant had received positive social reinforcement on the preceding trial to trials when they had not received positive reinforcement using a p ...
... 2007). To determine whether reinforcement outcome influenced response latencies on the subsequent trial, we compared reaction times from trials when the participant had received positive social reinforcement on the preceding trial to trials when they had not received positive reinforcement using a p ...
Meyers` Unit 6 - Lake Oswego High School
... stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. For example, an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that a light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light alone. (Also calle ...
... stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. For example, an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that a light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light alone. (Also calle ...
Cortex - Anatomy and Physiology
... – Part of primitive rhinencephalon, along with olfactory bulbs and tracts – Remainder of rhinencephalon in humans part of limbic system – Region of conscious awareness of odors ...
... – Part of primitive rhinencephalon, along with olfactory bulbs and tracts – Remainder of rhinencephalon in humans part of limbic system – Region of conscious awareness of odors ...
Neural Correlates of Learning in the Prefrontal Cortex of the Monkey
... In agreement with experimental data, two main types of activity contribute to the adaptive properties of the network. The first is transient activity time-locked to events of the task and its profile remains constant during successive training stages. The second is sustained activity that undergoes ...
... In agreement with experimental data, two main types of activity contribute to the adaptive properties of the network. The first is transient activity time-locked to events of the task and its profile remains constant during successive training stages. The second is sustained activity that undergoes ...
PVLV: The Primary Value and Learned Value
... system is engaged by primary reward (i.e., an unconditioned stimulus; US) and learns to expect the occurrence of a given US, thereby inhibiting the dopamine burst that would otherwise occur for it. The LV system learns about conditioned stimuli that are reliably associated with primary rewards, and ...
... system is engaged by primary reward (i.e., an unconditioned stimulus; US) and learns to expect the occurrence of a given US, thereby inhibiting the dopamine burst that would otherwise occur for it. The LV system learns about conditioned stimuli that are reliably associated with primary rewards, and ...
The cortical language circuit: from auditory perception to sentence
... assumed to be supported mainly by the ventral fiber tracts [8,9,12,16,47,48]. Two ventral tracts connect the temporal and the frontal cortex: the UF, which connects the more medio-ventrally located FOP with the anterior temporal cortex and temporal pole, and the ECFS, which mediates the IFOF connect ...
... assumed to be supported mainly by the ventral fiber tracts [8,9,12,16,47,48]. Two ventral tracts connect the temporal and the frontal cortex: the UF, which connects the more medio-ventrally located FOP with the anterior temporal cortex and temporal pole, and the ECFS, which mediates the IFOF connect ...
Aging reduces total neuron number in the dorsal component of the
... slides were then dehydrated through increasing concentrations of ethanol, cleared with Citrisolv, and coverslipped under Permount. For immunohistochemistry, we used a mouse monoclonal antibody against GAD67 (MAB5406, clone 1G10.2; lot #LV1721349; Millipore, Bedford, MA). This antibody was raised aga ...
... slides were then dehydrated through increasing concentrations of ethanol, cleared with Citrisolv, and coverslipped under Permount. For immunohistochemistry, we used a mouse monoclonal antibody against GAD67 (MAB5406, clone 1G10.2; lot #LV1721349; Millipore, Bedford, MA). This antibody was raised aga ...
Age-related naturally occurring depression of
... The occurrence of neurogenesis in the hippocampus suggests its possible role in hippocampal function (Gould et al., 1999b). Shors et al. used a model of neural precursor proliferation depression induced by the cytostatic agent methylazoxymethanol (MAM) to reduce newborn neuron number; MAM-treated ra ...
... The occurrence of neurogenesis in the hippocampus suggests its possible role in hippocampal function (Gould et al., 1999b). Shors et al. used a model of neural precursor proliferation depression induced by the cytostatic agent methylazoxymethanol (MAM) to reduce newborn neuron number; MAM-treated ra ...
Neurons Excitatory vs Inhibitory Neurons The Neuron and its Ions
... • All cells within a layer receive input from approximately the same places (i.e,. from a common collection of layers) • All cells within a layer send their outputs to approximately the same places (i.e., to a common collection of layers) ...
... • All cells within a layer receive input from approximately the same places (i.e,. from a common collection of layers) • All cells within a layer send their outputs to approximately the same places (i.e., to a common collection of layers) ...
PowerPoint Slides - Portland State University
... • State space analysis and synthesis of vocalizations to aid in stimulus design • Comparison of neural responses from both a spike rate and spike timing perspective • Improved methods for creating input>output models of individual neurons provided the pure tone responses of these neurons – Used to a ...
... • State space analysis and synthesis of vocalizations to aid in stimulus design • Comparison of neural responses from both a spike rate and spike timing perspective • Improved methods for creating input>output models of individual neurons provided the pure tone responses of these neurons – Used to a ...