283a09f403fc2e4
... paralysis of the superior oblique muscle of the same side. The eye deviates; upward and slightly inward. Person has difficulty in walking downstairs. If you asking the patient to look downwards towards the opposite side of the lesion Leads to diploplia. ...
... paralysis of the superior oblique muscle of the same side. The eye deviates; upward and slightly inward. Person has difficulty in walking downstairs. If you asking the patient to look downwards towards the opposite side of the lesion Leads to diploplia. ...
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... position-based and object-based) and recognition. Rather than the simulations of fMRI data, the engineering performance of recognition rate and attended spatial locations are presented in the experiment. However, the bottom-up featurebased attention was missing in the network, and limited complexity ...
... position-based and object-based) and recognition. Rather than the simulations of fMRI data, the engineering performance of recognition rate and attended spatial locations are presented in the experiment. However, the bottom-up featurebased attention was missing in the network, and limited complexity ...
How and Why Brains Create Meaning from Sensory Information
... et al.. 2000], in a delayed response memory task by adults [Tallon-Baudry et al.. 1996, 1998], and in professional musicians listening to music [Bhattacharya, Petsche & Pereda. 2001]. Emphasis has usually been placed on thalamocortical feedback relations [Petsche, 1996; Liley et al., 1999; Taylor, 1 ...
... et al.. 2000], in a delayed response memory task by adults [Tallon-Baudry et al.. 1996, 1998], and in professional musicians listening to music [Bhattacharya, Petsche & Pereda. 2001]. Emphasis has usually been placed on thalamocortical feedback relations [Petsche, 1996; Liley et al., 1999; Taylor, 1 ...
Circuits and Circuit Disorders of the Basal Ganglia
... pathways receive cortical input, potentially from different cortical source neurons. Additional input to the striatal direct pathway neurons comes from the intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus (ie, the centromedian and parafascicular nuclei). The GPi and SNr neurons give rise to GABAergic projections ...
... pathways receive cortical input, potentially from different cortical source neurons. Additional input to the striatal direct pathway neurons comes from the intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus (ie, the centromedian and parafascicular nuclei). The GPi and SNr neurons give rise to GABAergic projections ...
Do cortical areas emerge from a protocottex?
... organization of cells and connections that underlie functional properties is also similar. This interpretation is supported by the finding that some cells in the somatosensory cortex to which visual input is directed can respond both to visual and somatosensory stimuli in modality-appropriate ways ~ ...
... organization of cells and connections that underlie functional properties is also similar. This interpretation is supported by the finding that some cells in the somatosensory cortex to which visual input is directed can respond both to visual and somatosensory stimuli in modality-appropriate ways ~ ...
07-Control of Movement
... more complex than reflexes, but less complex than other skills maintaining posture, sitting, standing, walking, and eye movement ...
... more complex than reflexes, but less complex than other skills maintaining posture, sitting, standing, walking, and eye movement ...
Responses of primate frontal cortex neurons during natural vocal
... vocal signal perception, vocal-motor production, and any related sensory-motor interactions within individual neurons during the same behavior. During these vocal interactions, marmosets only produce phee calls (Miller and Wang 2006; Takahashi et al. 2013), making it possible to directly compare neu ...
... vocal signal perception, vocal-motor production, and any related sensory-motor interactions within individual neurons during the same behavior. During these vocal interactions, marmosets only produce phee calls (Miller and Wang 2006; Takahashi et al. 2013), making it possible to directly compare neu ...
molecular mechanisms of axonal regeneration in the central
... providing the regenerating cells with growth factors or other substances that stimulate growth or preventing the development of injury processes that suppress growth. Both approaches have been shown to improve axon regeneration in animal injury models. The use of genetically modified cells (eg, fibr ...
... providing the regenerating cells with growth factors or other substances that stimulate growth or preventing the development of injury processes that suppress growth. Both approaches have been shown to improve axon regeneration in animal injury models. The use of genetically modified cells (eg, fibr ...
Course of spinocerebellar axons in the ventral and lateral funiculi of
... The injections into the cerebellum covered the posterior spinocerebellar termination area to a different extent in different cases (see Fig. 1). Two of them (C255 and C258) comprised the main portion of the paramedian lobule area of termination (the posterior part of this lobule, pars copularis) com ...
... The injections into the cerebellum covered the posterior spinocerebellar termination area to a different extent in different cases (see Fig. 1). Two of them (C255 and C258) comprised the main portion of the paramedian lobule area of termination (the posterior part of this lobule, pars copularis) com ...
NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS NEURONAL ACTIVITY DURING A
... Parkinson, Connor, Dickinson, & Everitt, 2001). Indeed, animals with NAc lesions, even if made after FOC, are unable to use the motivational value of a CS to acquire and express new responses in SOC (McDannald, Setlow, & Holland, 2013). Further, disconnection lesions of the basolateral amygdala (BLA ...
... Parkinson, Connor, Dickinson, & Everitt, 2001). Indeed, animals with NAc lesions, even if made after FOC, are unable to use the motivational value of a CS to acquire and express new responses in SOC (McDannald, Setlow, & Holland, 2013). Further, disconnection lesions of the basolateral amygdala (BLA ...
Behavioral flexibility is increased by optogenetic inhibition of
... medium spiny neurons. (A) Medium spiny neurons (DARPP-32, red), halorhodopsin (YFP, green), and occurred in the errors after reversal. The their colocalization (MERGED) indicating halorhodopsin expression in medium spiny neurons (red + green). Scale bar, 20 mm. (B) Electrophysiological recording fro ...
... medium spiny neurons. (A) Medium spiny neurons (DARPP-32, red), halorhodopsin (YFP, green), and occurred in the errors after reversal. The their colocalization (MERGED) indicating halorhodopsin expression in medium spiny neurons (red + green). Scale bar, 20 mm. (B) Electrophysiological recording fro ...
Perceptual Expectation Evokes Category
... to respond as quickly as possible while minimizing errors. Using the right hand, button 1 was pressed for ‘‘male’’ or ‘‘1 story’’ and button 2 was pressed for ‘‘female’’ or ‘‘two story’’ (Fig. 1a). Category cues (100% validity) consisted of red or blue horizontal lines presented at the top and botto ...
... to respond as quickly as possible while minimizing errors. Using the right hand, button 1 was pressed for ‘‘male’’ or ‘‘1 story’’ and button 2 was pressed for ‘‘female’’ or ‘‘two story’’ (Fig. 1a). Category cues (100% validity) consisted of red or blue horizontal lines presented at the top and botto ...
A Learning Rule for the Emergence of Stable Dynamics and Timing
... FIG. 3. Recurrency and fixed synaptic ratios contribute to the lack of convergence. A: average number of spikes per cell (not Ai) over 2,000 training trials, in networks in which each neurons received 1 (black), 2 (red), or 4 (blue) from other excitatory neurons. With nEx 3 Ex ⫽ 1, synaptic scaling ...
... FIG. 3. Recurrency and fixed synaptic ratios contribute to the lack of convergence. A: average number of spikes per cell (not Ai) over 2,000 training trials, in networks in which each neurons received 1 (black), 2 (red), or 4 (blue) from other excitatory neurons. With nEx 3 Ex ⫽ 1, synaptic scaling ...
Functional Anatomy, Physiology and Clinical Aspects of Basal Ganglia
... The cerebral cortex is linked to the striatum via cortico-subcortical pathways, from where information is transmitted to the globus pallidus pars internalis or the substantia nigra pars reticulata (which physiologically and anatomically constitute one structure) or via the ventral globus pallidus re ...
... The cerebral cortex is linked to the striatum via cortico-subcortical pathways, from where information is transmitted to the globus pallidus pars internalis or the substantia nigra pars reticulata (which physiologically and anatomically constitute one structure) or via the ventral globus pallidus re ...
A"computational"approach"towards"the"ontogeny"of" mirror"neurons
... 1, , 2, and 5. 1,' refers to the amount of stimulation caused by other sources than neurons within the network and can be either on or off. The input signal further consists of the activation bias 2,' and Gaussian noise determined by 5. Each time step # represents 1 ms of activity. The parameters (, ...
... 1, , 2, and 5. 1,' refers to the amount of stimulation caused by other sources than neurons within the network and can be either on or off. The input signal further consists of the activation bias 2,' and Gaussian noise determined by 5. Each time step # represents 1 ms of activity. The parameters (, ...
The Distribution of Chandelier Cell Axon Terminals that Express the
... pyramidal cells (Miles et al. 1996; DeFelipe 1999). Ch-terminals are found in different cortical areas and species, including rats (Somogyi 1977; Minelli et al. 1995; Tamas and Szabadics 2004), guinea pigs (Gulyas et al. 1993), cats (Fairen and Valverde 1980; Fariñas and DeFelipe 1991), rabbits (Mu ...
... pyramidal cells (Miles et al. 1996; DeFelipe 1999). Ch-terminals are found in different cortical areas and species, including rats (Somogyi 1977; Minelli et al. 1995; Tamas and Szabadics 2004), guinea pigs (Gulyas et al. 1993), cats (Fairen and Valverde 1980; Fariñas and DeFelipe 1991), rabbits (Mu ...
prenatal formation of cortical input and development of
... are virtually devoid of such input was first fully developed in a fetus injected at El33 and sacrificed at El34 (Figs. 2E, 4B, and 7, A and B). It is noteworthy that the crosssectional diameters of the projection-free cores or islands surrounded by a field of labeled prefrontal fibers measure 250 to ...
... are virtually devoid of such input was first fully developed in a fetus injected at El33 and sacrificed at El34 (Figs. 2E, 4B, and 7, A and B). It is noteworthy that the crosssectional diameters of the projection-free cores or islands surrounded by a field of labeled prefrontal fibers measure 250 to ...
Chapter 7 — Learning: How Nurture Changes Us
... discovered in Chapter 4, when we learn our brains also change along with experience. Remarkably, your brain is physically different now than it was just a few minutes ago, because it underwent chemical changes that allowed you to learn novel facts. How did it happen? In this chapter, we’ll find out. ...
... discovered in Chapter 4, when we learn our brains also change along with experience. Remarkably, your brain is physically different now than it was just a few minutes ago, because it underwent chemical changes that allowed you to learn novel facts. How did it happen? In this chapter, we’ll find out. ...
Chapter 14: Brain Control of Movement
... Initiation of Movement by the Primary Motor Cortex The Coding of Movement in M1(Cont’d) The Malleable Motor Map Experimental evidence from rats Microstimulation of M1 cortex normally elicits whisker movement cut nerve that supplies whisker muscles Microstimulation now causes forelimb movement Dec ...
... Initiation of Movement by the Primary Motor Cortex The Coding of Movement in M1(Cont’d) The Malleable Motor Map Experimental evidence from rats Microstimulation of M1 cortex normally elicits whisker movement cut nerve that supplies whisker muscles Microstimulation now causes forelimb movement Dec ...
Characterisation of the zebrafish cerebellar efferent system
... largely unknown. In this study, the EC population of the zebrafish was identified and characterised using expression analysis in combination with retrograde axon tracing and in vivo time-lapse imaging. In addition, early development of ECs, their differentiation behaviour and their integration into ...
... largely unknown. In this study, the EC population of the zebrafish was identified and characterised using expression analysis in combination with retrograde axon tracing and in vivo time-lapse imaging. In addition, early development of ECs, their differentiation behaviour and their integration into ...
Functional Connectivity of the Secondary Somatosensory Cortex of
... provide an alternative view, that is, S2 received direct thalamic inputs rather than through a serially organized path by means of S1. One hypothesis to explain these divergent findings is the possibility that serial or parallel processing types vary among species and/ or different body regions. The ...
... provide an alternative view, that is, S2 received direct thalamic inputs rather than through a serially organized path by means of S1. One hypothesis to explain these divergent findings is the possibility that serial or parallel processing types vary among species and/ or different body regions. The ...
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... Cerebellar function in emotional responses at the unconscious level is supported by its influence on the modulation of autonomic reactions and the automatic components of emotional learning. Based on clinical observations in patients affected by cerebellar damage, there is a lowered skin conduction ...
... Cerebellar function in emotional responses at the unconscious level is supported by its influence on the modulation of autonomic reactions and the automatic components of emotional learning. Based on clinical observations in patients affected by cerebellar damage, there is a lowered skin conduction ...
Distribution of GABA‐like immunoreactivity in the rat amygdaloid
... '85). Male Wistar rats (n = 9) were anesthetized with pentobarbital, and perfusion-fixation was performed by intra- have differentiated three groups of nuclei: group I (lateral cardiac injection of saline followed by 5% glutaraldehyde in olfactory tract nucleus and intercalated nuclei) with in0.1 M ...
... '85). Male Wistar rats (n = 9) were anesthetized with pentobarbital, and perfusion-fixation was performed by intra- have differentiated three groups of nuclei: group I (lateral cardiac injection of saline followed by 5% glutaraldehyde in olfactory tract nucleus and intercalated nuclei) with in0.1 M ...
A Critical Review of the Role of the Proposed VMpo Nucleus in Pain
... nucleus was based on the presence of a plexus of calbindin-immunostained axons. The identification of central nervous system nuclei is usually based on cytoarchitecture, rather than on fiber architecture, although the patterns of connections of a nucleus are obviously important. A major problem is t ...
... nucleus was based on the presence of a plexus of calbindin-immunostained axons. The identification of central nervous system nuclei is usually based on cytoarchitecture, rather than on fiber architecture, although the patterns of connections of a nucleus are obviously important. A major problem is t ...